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Musculoskeletal System > Week 1 - Joints And Bones of the Upper Limb > Flashcards

Week 1 - Joints And Bones of the Upper Limb Flashcards

0
Q

How do you classify joints?

A

According to the tissue uniting the bone

- Hence there are fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joint

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1
Q

What types of tissue can be located between joints?

A
  • Fibrous
  • Cartilaginous
  • Synovial
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2
Q

What are some characteristics of joints?

A
  • Most are moveable, some are not
  • Can be rigid or flexible, depending upon the strength and range of movement possible at a particular site
  • Movement at joints is smooth and controlled
  • Receive abundant blood and nerve supply
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3
Q

What does the stability of a joint depend on?

A
  • The shape, size and arrangement of the articulate surfaces
  • The ligaments
  • The tone of the muscles around the joint
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4
Q

What are joints?

A

Articulations between 2 or more bones

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5
Q

Describe some characteristics of fibrous joints

A
  • Fixed

- Immobile

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6
Q

Where can fibrous joints be found?

A
  • Sutures in skull
  • Teeth (gomphosis)
  • Interosseous membranes (between the radius and ulna)
  • Syndesmosis
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7
Q

Describe cartilaginous joints

A

Connecting medium is hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
Can be primary (synchondrosis) or secondary joints (symphysis)
Primary:
- Only involve hyaline cartilage
- Joints can be immovable (synarthroses) or slightly movable (amphiarthroses)
Secondary joints:
- Can involve hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
- Joints are slightly moveable (amphiarthroses)
- E.g. Public symphysis
- E.g. Joint between the diaphysis and epihphysis of a growing long bone

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8
Q

Describe synovial joints

A
  • A joint filled with synovial fluid
  • Tend to be fully moveable (amphiarthroses)
  • Main type of joint found around the body
  • Defined by the arrangement of their articular surfaces, and the types of movement they allow
  • Many different types
  • Have 3 main features: articular capsule, synovial fluid, articular cartilage
  • Also has accessory structures (e.g. Menisci) and ligaments (extrinsic and intrinsic)
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9
Q

What types of synovial joints are there?

A
  • Hinge: permits flexion and extension (e.g. Elbow joint)
  • Saddle: concave and convex joint surfaces (e.g. Metatarsophalangeal joint)
  • Ball and socket: permits movement in several axes (e.g. Shoulder and hip joints)
  • Condyloid: permits flexion and extension, abduction, addiction and circumduction (e.g. Metacarpophalangeal joint)
  • Pivot: allows rotation, they are round bony processes that fit into a bony ligamantous socket (e.g. Atlantoaxial joint, proximal radioulnar joint)
  • Plane: permits gliding or sliding movements (e.g. Acromioclavicular joint)
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10
Q

What are the roles of the skeleton?

A
  • Support
  • Protection
  • Shape
  • Movement (attachments for muscles; levers)
  • Haemopoiesis (red marrow)
  • Mineral storage (bone matrix)
  • Lipid storage (yellow marrow)
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11
Q

What is the structure of the skeleton?

A 
There is an axial and appendicular skeleton
Axial:
- 80 bones
- Protection and support
- Consists of: skill, vertebral column, ribcage
Appendicular:
- 126 bones
- Mobility
- Consists of: upper limb and lower limb
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12
Q

What different bones are there?

A
  • Long (e.g. Femur)
  • Short (e.g. Wrist)
  • Flat (e.g. Skull)
  • Irregular (e.g. Sphenoid)
  • Sesamoid (e.g. Pisiform bones in hand, patella)
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13
Q

What is a tuberosity?

A

Roughened, rounded elevation

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14
Q

What is a tubercle?

A

Smaller elevation than the tuberosity

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15
Q

What is a spine?

A

A slender projection

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16
Q

What is a trochanter?

A

Large projection of the femur

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17
Q

What is a condyle?

A

A large prominence or rounded surface

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18
Q

What is a crest?

A

A ridge

19
Q

What is a sinus?

A

A hollow space

20
Q

What is a fossa?

A

A depression

21
Q

What is a meatus?

A

A tunnel/canal

22
Q

What is a foramen?

A

A hole/opening

23
Q

What is a fissure?

A

A cleft/narrow slit

24
Q

What is a notch?

A

A large groove

25
Q

What is an epicondyle?

A

A smaller prominence above a condyle

26
Q

What is the structure of a long bone?

A

Distal –> proximal

  • Head at distal articular surface
  • Neck
  • Shaft
  • Base at proximal articular surface
27
Q

What innervates the pectoralis major?

A

Medial and lateral pectoral nerves (C5, C6, C7)

- Derived from the brachial plexus

28
Q

Where is the pec. major?

A
  • Origin = sternum and upper costal cartilages
  • Has a sternal and a costal head
  • Insertion = lateral lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus
29
Q

What are the actions of the pec. major?

A

Can adduct and medially rotate the humerus at the shoulder

30
Q

What innervates the pectoralis minor?

A

Medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1)

31
Q

Where is the pectoralis minor?

A
  • Origin = anterior surface of the sternal ends of ribs 3-5
  • Insertion = coracoid process of the scapula
  • Lies posterior to the pectorals major
32
Q

What are the actions of the pectoralis minor?

A

Draws scapula forward and downward

33
Q

What innervates the serratus anterior?

A

Long thoracic nerve (C5, C6, C7)

34
Q

Where is the serratus anterior?

A
  • Origin = anterior surfaces of the first 8/9 ribs

- Insertion = anterior surface of the medial border of the scapula

35
Q

What are the actions of the serratus anterior?

A
  • Abducts scapula and upwardly rotates it whilst abducting the arm
  • Stabilises scapula by holding it to chest wall
36
Q

What innervates the subclavius?

A

Subclavian nerve (C5, C6)

37
Q

Where is the subclavius?

A
  • Origin = costochondral junction of the first rib

- Insertion = inferior surface of clavicle, in the subclavian groove

38
Q

What are the actions of the subclavius?

A

Depresses clavicle inferiorly and anteriorly

39
Q

What are the bones of the upper limb?

A
  • Shoulder girdle (scapula and clavicle)
  • Arm (humerus)
  • Forearm (radius and ulna)
  • Hand (carpals, metacarpals and phalanges)
40
Q

How does the scapula develop?

A

By endochondral ossification

41
Q

How does the clavicle develop?

A

By intramembranous ossification

42
Q

How does the humerus develop?

A

By endochondral ossification

43
Q

What lies between the radius and ulna?

A

The interosseal membrane

44
Q

What carpal bones are found in the hand?

A

(from thumb to little finger)
Proximal row: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
Distal row: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
(Senior lecturers take prostitutes to the Carlton hotel)

45
Q

What are the names of the fingers?

A

(Thumb to little finger)

  • Pollex
  • Index
  • Medius
  • Anularis
  • Digitus minimus

Musculoskeletal System (12 decks)

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