Week 1- introduction to PathoPhys Flashcards
1
Q
Pathology
A
- seeks out underlying causes (etiology)
- understand mechanisms that result in presenting S&S (pathogenesis)
- (1)identify how both gross and microscopic appearance (morphology) of cells and tissues differ from healthy tissue & (2) link these differences to cellular, organ and/or organ system dysfunction
2
Q
Pathophysiology
A
- disordered processes associated with disease or injury
- convergence of pathology and physiology
3
Q
pathophys of…
- Parkinson’s disease
- multiple sclerosis
- obesity
- Covid-19
A
- death of dopaminergic neurons
- inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS, activated immune cells invade the CNS & cause inflammation
- many possible mechanisms
- severe acute respiratory syndrome
4
Q
Pathology of Leukemia
A
Blast cells- immature/non-functional migrate into circulating blood; decrease in WBC count-> this reduction in cells so more likely to get sick
5
Q
Signs
A
OBJECTIVE evidence of a disease; blood in stool, skin rash, cough
-can be recognized by a doctor, nurse family members
6
Q
symptoms
A
can only be detected or sensed by THE PATIENT; stomachache, LBP, fatigue
7
Q
morphology
A
study of form and structure
8
Q
ABCD’s of moles vs melanoma
A
A- asymmetry (half mole does not match other)
B- Border (if border is ragged or irregular)
C- color (varies throughout)
D- diameter (diameter larger then pencil eraser)
9
Q
subclinical
A
not severe enough to present definite or readily observable symptoms (ex- ebola subclinical up to 10 days w no symptoms)
10
Q
sequela(e)
A
condition that is the consequence of a previous disease or injury (post disease)
ex- long covid, post covid 19 syndrome,, etc
11
Q
complications
A
medical problem that occurs during a disease or after a procedure or treatment (ex- pulmonary edema is COVID complication- treated with glucocorticoids and anti-inflammatory)
12
Q
resolution
A
reduction in the severity of a pathological state
13
Q
Etiology (cause) of Covid-19
A
SARS Cov-2 virus
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus
14
Q
pathogenesis (mechanism) of COVID
A
inhaled, disturbance in ACE 2/angiotensin; ACE-2 receptor is a functional receptor for the virus, hyperinflated systemic inflammatory response
15
Q
Illness
A
- sickness or deviation from a healthy state
- acute or short term
- ex: flu
16
Q
Disease
A
- biological or psychological alteration that results in organ/system dysfunction
- tends to be chronic
- can occur w/o perceiving the presence of an illness
- ex: hypertension, atherosclerosis, cervical cancer, TB
17
Q
Acute Disease
A
- rapid onset, short duration
- self limiting
- usually can anticipate full recovery
18
Q
Chronic Disease
A
- often results in permanent impairment or disability physical or cognitive disability
- often require special rehab &/or long term management
- may fluctuate in intensity
19
Q
homeostasis
A
preservation of a constant internal environment in a changing external environment
20
Q
Inability to maintain homeostasis leads to pathologies-
A
- thermoregulation
- energy balance
- serum glucose
- osmoregulation
- acid-base balance
- blood volume
21
Q
Germ Model
A
- caused by a microorganism of some form
- ex: shingles lie dormant in nerves in body (7th CN)
- ex: Pott’s disease= tuberculosis infection in spine
22
Q
Biomedical Model
A
- driven by a cause and effect relationships
- focuses on biological factors as causative agents
- ex: diabetes, RA, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease (CAD)
23
Q
Biomedical Model possible causes
A
- inherited/gene defects
- congenital defects (present at birth)
- exposure to toxins
- exposure to infectious agent
- trauma
- degenerative processes
24
Q
Biopsychosocial Model
A
- Biological
- psychological (thoughts, emotions, behaviors)
- social (socio-economical, socio-environmental and cultural)
- ICF model
25
Cellular response to an insult depends on:
- type of insult
- severity (quantity) of insult
- duration of insult
26
cellular consequences of an insult depends on:
- type of insult (ethanol/alcohol)
- status of cells at time of insult (cells may be older, DNA less complete, ability to rebound reduced)
- adaptability of cells (skeletal vs cardia)
- genetic make up of cells
27
Fibrosis
- nonfunctional, connective tissue including scar tissue when an injury is not able to full restoration
- LACKS functional capacity
- PT's want to limit this situation
28
ischemia
- blood flow below minimum necessary to maintain cell homeostasis
- usually due to a clot
- results in intracellular accumulation of ions & fluids i.e. swelling of cell and organelles
29
hypoxia or anoxia
- deficiency or absence of O2
| - blood flow may be adequate but O2 content is compromised
30
sepsis
- the presence of microorganisms or their toxins in the blood
31
septic shock
- endothelial cell damage, reduced blood volume, maldistribution of blood flow results in cardiovascular collapse or septic shock
32
Viruses
- virally coded proteins disrupt internal components of the cell or the cell membrane
- initiate an inflammatory response that is inappropriate (asthma, RA, Chron's disease)
33
overly aggressive inflammatory response results in
- anaphylaxis, cancer
34
genetics
- inappropriate genetic information
| - chromosomal damage, single mutations, epigenetics, obesity leading to changes in gene expression
35
Ricketts is a deficiency of what vitamin?
D or Ca2+
36
Physical Factors of cell injury
- trauma (MVA, athletics, penetrating wounds)
| - extremes in environmental factors: cold, heat, radiation
37
Mechanisms of cell injury: chemical factors
- directly kill (heavy metals Hg, chemotherapeutic agents, CCl4)
- whose metabolites kill cells (acetaminophen)
- generate reactive oxygen species, free radicals or ROS
38
idiopathic
- life expectancy after diagnosis
39
reversible cell injury
- many PT interventions are designed to influences this process
40
chronic cell injury
- represents an adaptation to a chronic insult
| - leads to declined functioning
41
irreversible cell injury
- cell death
| - occurs secondary to apoptosis or necrosis
42
A chronic insult may cause materials to _______ in cells.
- accumulate
- fats= binge drinking
- cholesterol= atherosclerotic lesions
- results in morphologic changes
43
atrophy
- decrease in size secondary to loss of cell substances or cell number
- results in smaller organ/tissue
- does not imply cells are dead; just reduced functional capacity &/or reduced number of cells
44
hypertrophy
- increase in size of cells, increased size of organ
- physiologic vs pathologic
- skeletal muscle, uterus, myocardium, thyroid
45
hyperplasia
- increase in cell number -> increase in organ size
| - goiters
46
hormonal hyperplasia
- driven by hormones
47
compensatory hyperplasia
- driven by tissue loss or damage
48
metaplasia
- one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type
- arises thru genetic reprogramming
- columnar epithelium replaced by stratified squamous cells in the upper airways of smokers
49
dysplasia
- abnormal tissue growth or development
- leads to abnormal growth &/or presence of abnormal cells
- early stage in development of cancer
50
macroscopic dysplasias
- hip dysplasia
51
microscopic dysplasia
- cancers
52
microscopic dysplasia is characterized by...
- cells of unequal size, abnormally shaped, w/ excessive pigmentation, an unusual # of cells that are dividing, pap smears (epithelial dysplasia)
53
What is the fate of severely injured cells?
- apoptosis
54
autophagy
- catabolism of cellular components (white stuff from popping a pimple)
- involves smooth endoplasmic reticulum
55
necrosis
- a form of tissue injury that results in cell death WITHIN living tissue
- unregulated digestion of cell components
56
Classic example of necrosis
gangrene
| coagulative is most common
57
debridement
- surgical removal of this dead tissue from necrosis
58
Coagulative necrosis
- accidental cell death caused by ischemia or infarction
- cell swelling, denaturation of cytoplasmic proteins, breakdown of cell organelles, preservation of cell shape and organ structure
59
labile cells
- cells that multiply constantly throughout life
60
Caseous necrosis
- cell membrane is destroyed, debris appears cheese like
- tissue architecture is obliterated
- usually seen in infections
61
liquefactive necrosis
- lysosomal damage leads to an enzymatic dissolution of necrotic cells i.e. liquification of the tissue. Usually due to proteolytic enzymes from neutrophils
- most often seen in CNS and in abscesses, also seen in pancreatitis
62
Gangrenous necrosis
- gangrene is death of body tissue due to a lack of blood flow or a serious bacterial infection
- dead tissue consequent to ischemia
- dry (no bacterial superinfection)
- wet (bacterial superinfection)
63
necrotizing fasciitis
- part of gangrenous necrosis
| - this infection spreads along fascial planes within subcutaneous tissue
