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Intro to Health Policy > Week 1 - Introduction to Health Policy > Flashcards

Week 1 - Introduction to Health Policy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 goals of public health services? What are the 10 essential public health services and how do they fit into the 3 goals?

A

Assessment: monitor, investigate

Policy development: educate, mobilize, policy and planning

Assurance: enforce, link, assure, evaluate

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2
Q

What are 5 details about health policies?

A

Policies are decisions made by humans.

Positive consequences or Negative consequences.

Health policies are government policies or authoritative decisions that affect health or the desire for health.

Direct or influence the actions, behaviors, or decision of others.

The impact and influence of health policy on groups, individuals, or organizations.

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of policymaking?

A

Public policy: the policies created by the federal, state, and local governments

Private policy: policy created by private organizations

Examples: Managed Care Organization, Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations

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4
Q

What are the 5 forms of health policy?

A
  1. Laws
  2. Rules/regulations
  3. Operational decisions
  4. Judicial decisions
  5. Macro policies
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5
Q

What are 4 details about laws?

A

Laws: policies made in the legislative branch

A rule of conduct or action set, formally recognized, and enforced by a governing body

Enacted by any government level

Additionally known as a program

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6
Q

What are 3 details about rules/regulations?

A

Rules/regulations: policies made in the executive branch

Signed to direct the application of the legislation and laws

Can be made by the organizations and agencies responsible for implementing laws in the executive branch

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7
Q

What are 3 details about operational decisions?

A

Executive branch makes operational choices as part of a law’s execution

Decisions often consist of protocols and procedures that accompany introduction of a new law

Typically less permanent than rules and regulations

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8
Q

What is 1 detail and example regarding judicial decisions?

A

Policies are formed as a result of judicial decisions

Example: a 1992 ruling by a DHHS administrative law judge concluded a hospital violated the Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1974

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9
Q

What are 2 details and 1 example of macro policies?

A

Macro policies are wide and expansive

Fundamentally impacting the pursuit of health in a society

Example: FDA regulation of pharmaceuticals

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10
Q

What are the 2 categories of public health policies?

A
  1. Allocative
  2. Regulatory
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11
Q

What are 2 details and 2 examples of allocative policies?

A

Designed to deliver net benefits to a specific group of individuals or organizations at the expense of others to achieve public goals

Typically consist of subsidies

Examples: medicare/medicaid policies, federal aid to medical schools

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12
Q

What are regulatory policies?

A

Policies intended to affect the actions, behaviors, and decisions of others in order to achieve public goals

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13
Q

What are the 5 main categories of regulatory policies?

A
  1. Social regulations
  2. Quality controls on the provision of health services
  3. Market-entry decisions
  4. Rate or price-setting controls on health service providers
  5. Market-preserving controls
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14
Q

What is the purpose of social regulations? Give examples.

A

Achieve socially desirable outcomes and and reduce socially undesirable outcomes

Examples: environmental protection, childhood immunization requirements, and no smoking

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15
Q

What is the purpose of quality controls? Give examples.

A

Ensure that providers of health services adhere to accepted quality standards and that producers of health-related items meet safety and efficacy requirements

Examples: FDA regulation of pharmaceuticals and new Pay for Performance (P4P) regulations

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16
Q

What are market-entry restrictions? Give examples

A

Regulations that concentrate on practitioner licensing and organizations

Examples: certificate of need programs and physician credentialing

17
Q

What is the purpose of rate/price controls? Give an example.

A

Intended to keep price increases under control.

Example: the federal government’s control of the rates of reimbursement to hospitals that participate in the Medicare program

18
Q

What are market-preserving controls? Give an example.

A

Define and enforce market participant conduct requirement.

Example: antitrust legislation

19
Q

What are the 6 things related to policy and law that affect healthcare and public health?

A
  1. Federal and state policy and law
  2. Specific areas of influence
  3. Impact of policymaker choices and judicial decisions
  4. Seminal role in public health
  5. Balancing regulation and rights
  6. Addressing competing interests
20
Q

What is the role of federal and state policy and law in healthcare and public health?

A

Shape all aspects of the healthcare system, including structure
and organization, service delivery, financing, and both
administrative and judicial oversight

21
Q

What are the roles of specific areas of influence in healthcare and public health?

A

Advertising and marketing of health services and products,
healthcare contracting, employment issues, taxation,
healthcare disparities, consumer protection, bioterrorism,
health insurance, and prescription drug regulation

22
Q

What is the role of the impact of policymaker choices and judicial decisions in healthcare and public health?

A

Influence how we approach, experience, analyze, and research
all these and other specific aspects of the healthcare system

23
Q

What is the seminal role policy and law make in public health?

A

Policy and law have historically played a crucial role in
everyday public health activities and many significant public
health accomplishments

24
Q

How does balancing regulations and rights affect healthcare and public health?

A

The primary focus of policy and law in public health is finding
the appropriate balance between public regulation of private
individuals and corporations, and the protection of rights that
limit government intervention

25
Q

How does addressing competing interests affect healthcare and public health?

A

Policies and laws address the competing interests in public
health by defining the functions and powers of public health
agencies, aiming to protect and promote health directly

26
Q

What are the 3 ways to conceptualize health policy and law?

A
  1. Broad domains of health policy and law
  2. Prevailing historical factors
  3. Individuals/entities impacted by particular policy or legal determination
27
Q

What are the concerns of broad domains of health policy and law?

A

Reserved for policy and law concerns, such as healthcare, issues arising in the public health arena, and controversies in the field of bioethics

28
Q

What are healthcare policy and law, public health policy and law, and bioethics?

Related to the broad domains of health policy and law framework

A

Healthcare Policy and Law: individual’s access
to care; access to care/ Finance.

Public Heath Policy & Law: safety and welfare of general population

Bioethics: Point of intersection between morals, societal values, medicine, public policy and law

29
Q

What 3 perspective have influenced health policy and law based on social, political, and economic views?

A
  1. Professional autonomy
  2. Social contract
  3. Free market
30
Q

How have professional autonomy, social contracts, and a free market influenced healthcare policy and law?

A

Professional autonomy: medical professions can govern themselves

Social Contract (since 1960s): physician seen as a
stakeholder in the healthcare system; enhancing
access, new insurance programs and acts Emergency
Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA),
civil rights; gave way to competition vs free
marketplace.

Contends markets work best when competition exist

Free market heath insurance: Prices set freely
by patients and healthcare Providers.

Laws, forces of supply and demand are free
from any intervention by government and
price-setting by other authority

31
Q

How do individuals/entities impacted by policy/legal determinations affect health policy and law?

A

Intro to Health Policy (5 decks)

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