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PYB260 > Week 1 - Introduction of Psychopharm > Flashcards

Week 1 - Introduction of Psychopharm Flashcards

1
Q

What is psychopharmacology/

A

The discipline that attempts to systemically study the effects of drugs on behaviour, cognitive functioning and emotions

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2
Q

What can studying how drugs work aid in?

A
  • Prescribing correct dosage of medication
  • Predicting Side Effects
  • Predicting how 2 + drugs interact in body
  • Helping to prevent and treat overdoses
  • Treatment of drug addictions
  • Understanding of the neural basis of normal and pathological behaviour
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3
Q

What are the classifications of Psychotropic drugs/

A
  • Stimulants
  • Anxiolytic
  • Sedative-hypnotics
  • Opiates
  • Antidepressants
  • Antipsychotics
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4
Q

What is the alternative definition of a drug

A

“A nonfood, non mechanical substance (usually a chemical substance) that exerts an effect upon a living system”

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5
Q

What is a psychoactive drug?

A

“Induces psychological effects by altering the normal biochemical reactions in the nervous system”

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6
Q

What are doses described in? (measurement) and what are they given in accordance to?

A

Milligrams and body weight

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7
Q

What is the ED50

A

Median effective dose - the dose that is effective in 50% of individuals tested

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8
Q

What is the LD50

A

median lethal dose; the dose that will kill 50% of individuals tested

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9
Q

What is the Therapeutic Index (TI)/

A

LD50/ED50 *e.g. 84/35 = 2.4)  how safe the drug is – the dose of the drug must be 2.4 times higher than the ED50 to be lethal

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10
Q

What is the Potency?

A

differences in the ED50 between drugs. The lower the ED50 the more potent the drug

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11
Q

What is the difference for a graduated drug?

A

Look at when 50% of effectiveness for the ED50

–>Instead of effectiveness as yes/no it is the degree of effectiveness

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12
Q

What is needed to be balanced in drugs?

A

Effectiveness and safety

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13
Q

What is the primary/main effect

A

intended treatment result

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14
Q

What is a side effect

A

unintended; may be harmful

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15
Q

What is the therapeutic window?

A

Range of blood concentrations of a medicine between dose that produces undesirable side effects (toxic level) & does that has intended effect (therapeutic level)

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16
Q

What is the chemical name describing?

A

describes molecular structures of a drug in terms of chemical make-up (e.g. 7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one)

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17
Q

What is the generic name describing?

A

shorter, simpler name that is made up for a drug (e.g. diazepam)
–> Drugs falling into similar categories have similar generic names using the same stem

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18
Q

What is the trade name describing?

A

Name given to a drug manufactured by a drug company. Patented by the drug company for a number of year (e.g. Valium)

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19
Q

What is Pharmacokinetics/

A

Process involved in the movement of a drug in the body

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20
Q

What is absorption?

A

distribution; elimination/excretion

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21
Q

What are enzymes?

A

molecules that control a certain chemical reaction; help to break down/metabolise drugs

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22
Q

What is Metabolism?

A

the process of restructuring (breaking down) molecules; detoxification

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23
Q

What is a half life?

A

time taken for the body to eliminate ½ of a given blood level of a drug of a drug

24
Q

What is a drug interaction?

A

the effect 2 (or more) drugs have on each other

25
Q

What is an antagonist

A

A drug diminishes effect of another drug

26
Q

What is the term for when a drug enhances the effect of another drug?

A

Addictive effect

27
Q

What are super additive effects/potentiation?

A

A drug has a greater effect when taken with another drug than might be expected by simply combining their effects

28
Q

What are the routes of administration?

A
  • Oral
  • Inhalation of gases
  • Inhalation of smoke
  • Intranasal Administration
  • Parenteral Routes: injection (subcutaneous; intramuscular and intraperitoneal)
  • Intravenous
  • Intrathecal
  • Intracerbrioventricular
  • Transdernal administration
  • Intrarectal administration
29
Q

What is oral administration?

A

peroral (p.o.); drugs are swallowed (typically absorbed via digestive system
o Having a full stomach effects absorption rate

30
Q

What is inhalation of gases?

A 
allows fast distribution through the body and to brain 
o	Enters into lungs and absorbs quickly into capillaries and then quickly goes to the heart  brain 
o	Also doesn’t have to go through first class metabolism
31
Q

What is inhalation of smoke?

A

can only exhale if it is a gas – can’t exhale if it is a smoke
o Really easy to control administration – good for general anesthetics

32
Q

What is intranasal administration?

A

inhalation of solids/powders

o Bypasses first part of metabolism

33
Q

What is subcutaneous injection?

A

drug is injected just under the skin – fairly slow and even absorption

34
Q

What is intramuscular injection?

A

needle is inserted into the muscle, usually the upper arm or buttock in humans

35
Q

What is intraperitoneal injection?

A

needle inserted into peritoneal cavity (sack containing the visceral organs, e.g. intestines, liver, spleen)

36
Q

What is intravenous injection?

A

needle inserted into the vein and drug administered directly into the bloodstream

37
Q

What is intrathecal injection?

A

needle inserted between the base of the skull and the first vertebrae (into subarachnoid space so it reaches CSF; e.g. spinal anesthesia)

38
Q

What is intracerbrioventricular injection?

A

Needle inserted into a cannula inserted into the ventricles of the brain (bypasses blood-brain barrier)

39
Q

What is transdernal administration

A

drugs administered through the skin (e.g. nicotine patch)

40
Q

What is intrarectal administration?

A

Suppositories placed in the rectum and drug is absorbed into the blood stream

41
Q

What are the factors affecting drug distribution?

A
  • Lipid solubility
  • Ionization and ion tapping
  • pH
42
Q

How does lipid solubility affect drug distribution?

A

o Drugs that are lipid soluble can pass through cell membranes easily, but
o Drugs that readily dissolve in fats (high lipid solubility) tend to stay in fat and are less effective; released into the blood stream slowly

43
Q

How does ionization affect drug distribution?

A

ions are not lipid soluble; can’t easily pass through cell membrane

44
Q

How does the pH of a drug affect drug distribution

A

o a base is more readily ionized in an acidic solution, and an acid is more readily ionized in a basic solution

45
Q

What is the pKa of a substance?

A

 pKa of substance X is the pH at which half of its molecules are ionized

46
Q

What are the barriers to drug distribution?

A
  • Placental barrier

- Blood-brain barrier

47
Q

What is the placental barrier?

A

substances a mother takes pass thorugh the placental barrier to the fetus (high lipid soluble drugs cross more easily)
o 75-100% of mother’s drug concentration reaches fetus < 5 mins

48
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier?

A

prevents non-lipid soluble substances getting into the brain

49
Q

What is the passive transport mechanism?

A

non-lipid soluble substances attach themselves to carrier molecule that can pass across membranes or uses protein channel to pass through
 Diffusion from high concentration to low concentration area (no energy needed)

50
Q

What is the active transport mechanism?

A

only takes place in living membranes; uses energy; actively concentrates a substance on one side of a membrane

51
Q

How does drug concentration affect kidney function?

A

o Kidneys filters unwanted substances out of the blood in the form of urine
o Work best with high concentrations of drug and filter at a lower rate with low concentrations in the blood

52
Q

How do liver and enzyme function help excrete drugs?

A

o Liver uses enzymes to break down (metabolise) toxic substances into less harmful substances (metabolites ) – i.e. presence/availability of enzymes in important

53
Q

How does enzyme induction help to excrete drugs?

A

levels of an enzyme can be increased by prior exposure ot a drug that uses that enzyme; leads to metabolic tolerance

54
Q

How does enzyme depression help to excrete drugs?

A

metabolism is depression when: 2 drugs that use the same enzyme are taken at the same time, or one blocks enzyme activity of other

55
Q

How does age affect excretion?

A

enzymes are not fully functional at birth; liver function is less efficient in the elderly

56
Q

How does species effect drug excretion?

A

levels of enzymes differ in different species

57
Q

What is first-pass metabolism?

A

any drug absorbed from the digestive system passes thorugh the liver and undergoes some degree of metabolism before going to the heart (this is first-pass metab.)

  • > Drugs taken via other modes of administration may reach higher levels in the body because they do not undergo first-pass metabolism (e.g. drugs absorbed through nasal cavities)

PYB260 (9 decks)

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