Week 1: Introduction Flashcards
Define motor control
The study of underlying mechanisms permitting posture, or movement coordination and control
Define motor skill
Voluntary and coordinated control over muscular movement with a specific purpose or goal (Magill, 2007; Newell, 1985)
Define the (4) criteria for skilled movement (Guthrie 1952)
- Maximum certainty of goal achievement (high accuracy, low error)
- Consistency (reliability)
- Controlled modifiability (adaptation and uniqueness)
- Minimal energy expenditure
List common movement skill outcomes (4)
- Movement accuracy and consistency
- Movement control adaptability
- Enhanced aerobic and/or anaerobic capability
- Economy/efficiency of movement
List common perceptual-cognitive outcomes (4)
- Enhanced cue anticipation
- Self-automated movement error correction
- Selective external attenuation
- Developed dual-task capability
Define performance (not skilled movement)
- An observable behaviour of movement of a single attempt or trial on a given skill
- Does NOT equate to skilled performance
Define skilled movement
Relatively accurate, consistent, and stable capability to move in a skilled task that can be assessed over repeated ‘blocks of trials’
Define basic performance outcome measures and list up to 7
Measures indicating outcome or result of motor skill performance
What is accuracy?
Average error from target
What is constant error?
Average error from target or goal criterion
What is consistency?
Variable error assessing the dispersion of errors on repeat attempts
Define basic performance production (cause) measures and list up to 4
Measures of performance characteristics associated with the outcome
- Including energetic measures: VO2max, HR, LT, etc.
Define the constraints-led framework for skill acquisition? (Newell, 1986)
Coordinated movements that emerge from neuromuscular self-organization
List the characteristics of the constraints-led approach (3)
- Performer (individual/organism)
- Task
- Environment
What role do constraints play in movement within the constraints-led framework?
Constraints don’t cause movements or prescribe a ‘perfect’ movement. Instead, they influence or guide self-coordination of the movement.
Why is there no single ‘idealized’ movement pattern in the constraints-led framework?
No single ideal movement pattern exists because of the variability and unique solutions that arise, reducing the need to coach for a perfect model.
What are the implications of the perception-action cycle for instructors or coaches?
Instructors should help learners identify relevant perceptual cues, stimulate movement variations, and promote adaptability in coordination by modifying tasks and environmental conditions.
What is the first role of an instructor or coach in the constraints-led framework for skill acquisition?
The instructor/coach identifies constraints that limit skill development or movement performance, acting as a “Constraint(s) Identifier.”
How does behavioral practice fit into the constraints-led framework for instructors/coaches?
Behavioral practice involves changing task or environmental constraints to challenge the CNS/muscular systems, helping to overcome or solve movement problems, making the coach a “Movement Problem Creator.”
What should coaches focus on regarding sensory perception, cognitive, and motor features in skill performance?
Coaches should understand these features to help learners connect perception with action, serving as “Perception-Action Couplers” and “Simulators of Real Contexts.”
How should coaches guide behavior according to the constraints-led framework?
Coaches should guide and shape emergent behavior through “Scaffolded Guidance,” supporting movement solution finding with less prescriptive and intrusive instruction.
For whom is the constraints-led approach most applicable in terms of skill level?
This approach is most applicable for individuals beyond the beginner (cognitive) stages of learning.
What is the best approach to maximize learning for non-beginners?
Focus on movement discovery and create problems for your client to solve that are specific to real world goals
