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BCH 369 > Week 1: Intro to Biochem > Flashcards

Week 1: Intro to Biochem Flashcards

1
Q

Why was the development of catalysis important to the development of life?

A

Catalysis lowered the activation energy of certain reactions

allowed biochemical reactions to occur more rapidly

allowed the substrate to be in the proper conformation for a reaction to occur

allowed the substrate to be in close proximity to the reacting groups for a reaction to occur

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2
Q

Why was the development of a coding system important to the development of life?

A

Coding allowed cell information to be stored and copied. Coding allows for reproduction of cells.

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3
Q

The cells of these organisms contain membrane-bounded organelles.

A

Eukaryotes

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4
Q

The cells of these organisms do not have a well-defined nucleus.

A

Prokaryotes

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5
Q

_______ are simpler than _______. _______tend to be smaller and they do not contain internal membranes or membrane systems.

A

Prokaryotes

eukaryotes

Prokaryotes

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6
Q

Eukaryotic cells contain three types of organelles that contain DNA: _______________. The DNA contained in each one is different from the DNA in the others.

A

nuclei, mitochondria, and chloroplasts

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7
Q

The five kingdoms include ______________

A

monera, protista, fungi, plantae and animalia.

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8
Q

What kingdom does cyanobacteria belong to?

A

Monera

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9
Q

What kingdom does Euglena belong to?

A

Protista

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10
Q

What kingdom do mushrooms belong to?

A

Fungi

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11
Q

What kingdom do birch trees belong to?

A

Plantae

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12
Q

What kingdom do spiders belong to?

A

Animalia

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13
Q

Eukaryotes can be much __________ than prokaryotes due to their organelles, thus reducing the ________ surface-to-volume problem.

A

larger

nutrient uptake

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14
Q

What are two major advantages of enzyme catalysts in living organisms when compared with other simple chemical catalysts such as acids or bases?

A

Two of the most obvious advantages are speed and specificity; they also work at constant temperature or produce little heat.

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15
Q

In prokaryotes, the cell lacks a ________ and _________-; it has only a ______ region, the portion of the cell that contains _______, and a ________ that separates it from the outside world. The other principal feature of a prokaryotic cell’s interior is the presence of _______, the site of __________.

A

well-defined nucleus, internal membrane
nuclear, DNA
cell membrane
ribosomes
protein synthesis

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16
Q

A eukaryotic cell has a ______________, and a considerably more complex internal structure than a prokaryote. In eukaryotes, the nucleus is separated from the rest of the cell by a ___________

A

well-defined nucleus, both internal membranes and a cell membrane

double membrane

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17
Q

Prokaryotes:
Lack _________
Include _________

Archaea:
Often inhabit _________
Similar in structure to ________

A

nucleus and internal organelles
bacteria and cyanobacteria

extreme environments
bacteria

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18
Q

Eukaryotes:
Contain ________
Unicellular - _________
Multicellular - ________

A

nucleus and intracellular compartments

Yeast and Paramecium

Animals and Plants

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19
Q

Existence of _________ is the key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

organelles

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20
Q

Ribosomes consist of ______ and _______ and are the sites of ___________ in all organisms

A

RNA, protein

protein synthesis

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21
Q

Chloroplasts are the sites of _________ in _________

A

photosynthesis

green plants

22
Q

Animal cells have neither _______ nor _________; the same is true of some protists.

A

cell walls

chloroplasts

23
Q

The nucleus is the organelle that contains the main ________ in ________

A

genetic apparatus

eukaryotes

24
Q

List five differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

A

(1) Prokaryotes do not have a well-defined nucleus, but eukaryotes have a nucleus marked off from the rest of the cell by a double membrane.
(2) Prokaryotes have only a plasma (cell) membrane; eukaryotes have an extensive internal membrane system.
(3) Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bounded organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.
(4) Eukaryotic cells are normally larger than those of prokaryotes.
(5) Prokaryotes are single celled organisms, while eukaryotes can be either single-celled or multicellular.

25
Q

___________ are all organelles enclosed by a double membrane.

A

Nuclei, mitochondria, and chloroplasts

26
Q

Mitochondria carry out a high percentage of the __________ of the cell. They are the primary sites of _________.

A

oxidation (energy-releasing) reactions

ATP synthesis

27
Q

List the five kingdoms into which living organisms are divided, and give at least one example of an organism belonging to each kingdom.

A

Monera includes bacteria (e.g., E. coli) and cyanobacteria. Protista includes such organisms as Euglena, Volvox, Amoeba, and Paramecium. Fungi includes molds and mushrooms. Plantae includes club mosses and oak trees. Animalia includes spiders, earthworms, salmon, rattlesnakes, robins, and dogs.

28
Q

Living systems obey _________ as nonliving systems

A

the same scientific principles

29
Q

Hierarchy of simple to complex in the human body (8):

A

Atoms (ex. oxygen and hydrogen)
Molecules (ex. water)
Macromolecules (ex. protein)
Organelles (ex. nucleus, mitochondria, golgi)
Cell (ex. bone cell)
Tissue (ex. bone tissue)
Organ (ex. bone)
Body system of organism

30
Q

The most abundant elements found in living systems are:

A

Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen

31
Q

Living organisms are _______-based, therefore closely related to ________

A

carbon
organic chemistry

32
Q

Four major types of biomolecules:

A

Amino acids
Lipids
Nucleotides
Carbohydrates

33
Q

Biochemistry

A

the study of living organisms and their chemical processes at the molecular and cellular levels

34
Q

Amino acid:
Central carbon is bonded to a ______, an _________, a ______, and _______

A

carboxyl group
amino group
hydrogen
R group

35
Q

Lipids:
_________ in water
long chains of _________

A

poorly soluble
hydrocarbons

36
Q

Nucleotides:
composed of a _________, a ________, and ___________

A

five-carbon sugar
nitrogen-containing ring
one or more phosphate groups

37
Q

Carbohydrates:
Compounds of _______

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
ex. glucose

38
Q

Functional groups determine ________ and __________

A

chemical reactivity
molecular structure

39
Q

small molecules that combine to form polymer

A

monomer

40
Q

macromolecules formed by bonding of smaller units

A

polymers

41
Q

_______ is an example of a polymer that is informational meaning the order of the ______ within the larger structure carries information

A

Nucleic acid
monomers

42
Q

______ do not form polymers because ________

A

Lipids
lack of common functional groups

43
Q

Three types of polymers and their component monomers:

A

Proteins: polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA, polymers of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds

Polysaccharides: polymers of carbohydrates joined by glycosidic bonds

44
Q

Three-domain classification system uses the sequence of _________ of each species

A

ribosomal RNA

45
Q

Three-domain classification system:

-

A

Prokaryotes:
- Bacteria (ex. E. coli)
- Archaea (ex. Halobacteria)

Eukaryotes:
- Eukarya (ex. Paramecium and dogs)
- includes both unicellular and multicellular organisms

46
Q

Enzymes are…

A

biological catalysts

47
Q

Mitochondria are the site of ______ that _______ for the cell

A

oxidation processes
yield energy

48
Q

The hierarchical organization of living organisms includes atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. How do amino acids fit into this organization?

A

Molecules

49
Q

Ribose sugar can be found in ______ and ______

A

polysaccharide and RNA

50
Q

DNA contains ________, not ribose

A

deoxyribose

51
Q
A

BCH 369 (12 decks)

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