Week 1: Intro to Biochem Flashcards
Why was the development of catalysis important to the development of life?
Catalysis lowered the activation energy of certain reactions
allowed biochemical reactions to occur more rapidly
allowed the substrate to be in the proper conformation for a reaction to occur
allowed the substrate to be in close proximity to the reacting groups for a reaction to occur
Why was the development of a coding system important to the development of life?
Coding allowed cell information to be stored and copied. Coding allows for reproduction of cells.
The cells of these organisms contain membrane-bounded organelles.
Eukaryotes
The cells of these organisms do not have a well-defined nucleus.
Prokaryotes
_______ are simpler than _______. _______tend to be smaller and they do not contain internal membranes or membrane systems.
Prokaryotes
eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotic cells contain three types of organelles that contain DNA: _______________. The DNA contained in each one is different from the DNA in the others.
nuclei, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
The five kingdoms include ______________
monera, protista, fungi, plantae and animalia.
What kingdom does cyanobacteria belong to?
Monera
What kingdom does Euglena belong to?
Protista
What kingdom do mushrooms belong to?
Fungi
What kingdom do birch trees belong to?
Plantae
What kingdom do spiders belong to?
Animalia
Eukaryotes can be much __________ than prokaryotes due to their organelles, thus reducing the ________ surface-to-volume problem.
larger
nutrient uptake
What are two major advantages of enzyme catalysts in living organisms when compared with other simple chemical catalysts such as acids or bases?
Two of the most obvious advantages are speed and specificity; they also work at constant temperature or produce little heat.
In prokaryotes, the cell lacks a ________ and _________-; it has only a ______ region, the portion of the cell that contains _______, and a ________ that separates it from the outside world. The other principal feature of a prokaryotic cell’s interior is the presence of _______, the site of __________.
well-defined nucleus, internal membrane
nuclear, DNA
cell membrane
ribosomes
protein synthesis
A eukaryotic cell has a ______________, and a considerably more complex internal structure than a prokaryote. In eukaryotes, the nucleus is separated from the rest of the cell by a ___________
well-defined nucleus, both internal membranes and a cell membrane
double membrane
Prokaryotes:
Lack _________
Include _________
Archaea:
Often inhabit _________
Similar in structure to ________
nucleus and internal organelles
bacteria and cyanobacteria
extreme environments
bacteria
Eukaryotes:
Contain ________
Unicellular - _________
Multicellular - ________
nucleus and intracellular compartments
Yeast and Paramecium
Animals and Plants
Existence of _________ is the key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
organelles
Ribosomes consist of ______ and _______ and are the sites of ___________ in all organisms
RNA, protein
protein synthesis
Chloroplasts are the sites of _________ in _________
photosynthesis
green plants
Animal cells have neither _______ nor _________; the same is true of some protists.
cell walls
chloroplasts
The nucleus is the organelle that contains the main ________ in ________
genetic apparatus
eukaryotes
List five differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
(1) Prokaryotes do not have a well-defined nucleus, but eukaryotes have a nucleus marked off from the rest of the cell by a double membrane.
(2) Prokaryotes have only a plasma (cell) membrane; eukaryotes have an extensive internal membrane system.
(3) Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bounded organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.
(4) Eukaryotic cells are normally larger than those of prokaryotes.
(5) Prokaryotes are single celled organisms, while eukaryotes can be either single-celled or multicellular.
___________ are all organelles enclosed by a double membrane.
Nuclei, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
Mitochondria carry out a high percentage of the __________ of the cell. They are the primary sites of _________.
oxidation (energy-releasing) reactions
ATP synthesis
List the five kingdoms into which living organisms are divided, and give at least one example of an organism belonging to each kingdom.
Monera includes bacteria (e.g., E. coli) and cyanobacteria. Protista includes such organisms as Euglena, Volvox, Amoeba, and Paramecium. Fungi includes molds and mushrooms. Plantae includes club mosses and oak trees. Animalia includes spiders, earthworms, salmon, rattlesnakes, robins, and dogs.
Living systems obey _________ as nonliving systems
the same scientific principles
Hierarchy of simple to complex in the human body (8):
Atoms (ex. oxygen and hydrogen)
Molecules (ex. water)
Macromolecules (ex. protein)
Organelles (ex. nucleus, mitochondria, golgi)
Cell (ex. bone cell)
Tissue (ex. bone tissue)
Organ (ex. bone)
Body system of organism
The most abundant elements found in living systems are:
Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen
Living organisms are _______-based, therefore closely related to ________
carbon
organic chemistry
Four major types of biomolecules:
Amino acids
Lipids
Nucleotides
Carbohydrates
Biochemistry
the study of living organisms and their chemical processes at the molecular and cellular levels
Amino acid:
Central carbon is bonded to a ______, an _________, a ______, and _______
carboxyl group
amino group
hydrogen
R group
Lipids:
_________ in water
long chains of _________
poorly soluble
hydrocarbons
Nucleotides:
composed of a _________, a ________, and ___________
five-carbon sugar
nitrogen-containing ring
one or more phosphate groups
Carbohydrates:
Compounds of _______
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
ex. glucose
Functional groups determine ________ and __________
chemical reactivity
molecular structure
small molecules that combine to form polymer
monomer
macromolecules formed by bonding of smaller units
polymers
_______ is an example of a polymer that is informational meaning the order of the ______ within the larger structure carries information
Nucleic acid
monomers
______ do not form polymers because ________
Lipids
lack of common functional groups
Three types of polymers and their component monomers:
Proteins: polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA, polymers of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds
Polysaccharides: polymers of carbohydrates joined by glycosidic bonds
Three-domain classification system uses the sequence of _________ of each species
ribosomal RNA
Three-domain classification system:
-
Prokaryotes:
- Bacteria (ex. E. coli)
- Archaea (ex. Halobacteria)
Eukaryotes:
- Eukarya (ex. Paramecium and dogs)
- includes both unicellular and multicellular organisms
Enzymes are…
biological catalysts
Mitochondria are the site of ______ that _______ for the cell
oxidation processes
yield energy
The hierarchical organization of living organisms includes atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. How do amino acids fit into this organization?
Molecules
Ribose sugar can be found in ______ and ______
polysaccharide and RNA
DNA contains ________, not ribose
deoxyribose
