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BIOC 3300 > Week 1 => Intro/Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis > Flashcards

Week 1 => Intro/Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A

Chemical Processes in a living organisms that are necessary to maintain life

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2
Q

Catabolism

A

Degradation of cell constituents to release energy and/or to salvage components (Oxidative process overall)

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3
Q

Anabolism transforms _____ into ___

A

Precursors molecules (aa, sugars, fa, nitrogen bases) to Cellular macromolecules (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids)

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4
Q

Anabolism

A

biosynthesis of biomolecules from simpler components (reductive process overall)

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5
Q

Catabolism transforms ___ into ___

A

Energy-containig nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids) into Energy-depleted end products (Co2, H2O, NH3)

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6
Q

Energy storage (what?)

A

Macromolecules as a glycogen (Carbohydrates), triglycerides (fat) and proteins => large energy release

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7
Q

Energy transport (also involved in regulation)

A

Within the cell of between cells. Mostly monomers such as glucose, fatty acids or amino acids => intermediate energy release

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8
Q

Energy release

A

Through breakdown of macromolecules = catabolism

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9
Q

Energy storage (how?)

A

Through synthesis of macromolecules = anabolism

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10
Q

Breakdown couple to ATP synthesis

A

pyruvate, acetyl-CoA => small energy release

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11
Q

Thermodynamics

A

Properties of a system, stability of a system in one state vs another

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12
Q

Kinetics

A

Rate of processes, metabolic flux, enzyme catalysis

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13
Q

Conservation of Energy

A

Total energy in a closed system is constant. In an open system, the internal energy equal the system energy plus incoming minus outgoing energy.

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14
Q

Entropy (theory)

A

The overall entropy of the universe cannot decrease. In an open system, entropy cannot decrease without energy expenditure. DISORDER

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15
Q

Metabolically, how would organisms and cells be thermodynamically defined?

A

An open system

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16
Q

What is the goal an open system?

A

Maintain homeostasis ( energy level and metabolic composition are kept constant over time)

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17
Q

Autotrophs

A

self-feeding (synthesize all cell component from simple molecules)

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18
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

Derive energy from inorganic oxidation

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19
Q

Photoautrophs

A

Derive energy from light

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20
Q

Herterotrpohs

A

feeding on others (need autotrophs for organic molecules)

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21
Q

Enthalpy (energy)(H) favored reaction

A

reaction of favored if delta H is negative

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22
Q

Entropy (disorder)(S) favored reaction

A

reaction is favored of of delta S is positive

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23
Q

What causes Gibb’s free energy to lower

A
  • Enthalpy decreases
  • Entropy increases (disorder increase)
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24
Q

Negative G

A

Products more stable than reactants: Favorable reaction

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25
Q

Positive G

A

Reactants more stable than products: unfavorable reaction

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26
Q

How do catalysts influence G?

A

They DO NOT influence, only lower activation energy required (increases rate of reaction)

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27
Q

Energy requiring (endergonic)

A

unfavorable, not spontaneous (G+), increase ATP fuel

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28
Q

Energy releasing (exergonic)

A

Favorable, thermodynamically spontaneous (G-), energy release used to make ATP

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29
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A

Formation of ATP from ADP and a high-energy phosphorylated intermediate

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30
Q

Catabolism without redox

A

Fermentation, less ATP

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31
Q

Connect metabolic pathways to ATP production

A

NAD+/NADH and FAD/FADH2

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32
Q

What determines the amount of energy releases in a catabolic, oxidative pathway?

A

the oxidative states of substrate and product

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33
Q

Do Fatty acids or carbohydrates catabolism produce more energy?

A

Catabolism of Fatty acid

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34
Q

Redoxactive cofactors

A

Pairs of molecules that are interconverted through oxidation/reductions. Always have an oxidized and a reduced form. Connect catabolism, anabolism, and energy

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35
Q

List the four main Redoxactive cofactors

A

NAD+/NADH, NADP+/NADPH, FAD/FADH2, and ubiquinone

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36
Q

NAD+/NADH

A

Reduced during glycolysis and other catabolic reactions. Oxidized mostly in electron transport chain

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37
Q

NADP+/NADPH

A

Oxidized during fatty acid synthesis and other anabolic reactions. Reduced in metabolic reactions

38
Q

FAD/FADH2

A

Cofactor that is directly complexed to an enzyme

39
Q

Ubiquinone (=coenzyme Q)

A

Accepts two electrons in a stepwise manner to become ubiquinol. Part of the electron transport chain

40
Q

Metabolic pathways are interconnected in a ___

A

Dynamic network

41
Q

How many reactions are required for the conversion of glucose to pyruvate?

A

10 Reactions

42
Q

which intermediate can lead to many different pathways?

A

Glucose-6-phosphate

43
Q

Committed step

A

If the first irreversible reaction in a metabolic pathway, whose produce cannot enter other pathways and must complete the remainder of the pathways steps

44
Q

Glycolysis main reactant and product?

A

Glucose to 2 pyruvate

45
Q

Glycolysis ATP yield

A

2 ATP are invested in the first part of the pathway, 4 ATP are made in the second part of the pathway

46
Q

What happens to election carriers during glycolysis?

A

They are reduced

47
Q

where can glycolysis occur?

A

Every cell

48
Q

What source of ATP does not require oxygen and is the only cytosolic source for ATP?

A

Glycolysis

49
Q

Glycolysis phase 1

A

Energy investment phase: phosphrylation of glucose and conversion to 2 molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. 2 ATP are used in these reactions

50
Q

Glycolysis phase 2

A

ATP production phase: Conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to pyruvate and coupled formation of 4 ATP. Reduction of 2 NAD+ to 2 NADH

51
Q

What must be regenerated, otherwise glycolysis stops?

A

NAD+

52
Q

What are the three ways to regenerate NAD+?

A

1) reduction of pyruvate to lactate (Anerobic)
2) reduction of pyruvate to ethanol (yeast)
3) mitochondrial electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation

53
Q

Why is hemostasis maintained by regulating the flux through the pathways?

A

*Energy use/production according to needs
*Relatively constant metabolite levels
* Balance supply and demand

54
Q

Steady state

A

condition when metabolite levels are constant over time. Thermodynamically determined (energetically lowest state under the conditions). The system strives to return to a steady state

55
Q

Flux

A

Overall rate of pathway

56
Q

Homeostasis

A

Regulate flux to keep metabolite levels constant

57
Q

Metabolic pathways must be…

A
  • directional
  • never have forward and reverse pathway active at the same time
  • be regulated
58
Q

Substrate/product availability

A
  • changes in substrate or product concentrations
  • Affects the flux through reactions close to equilibrium (reversible)
  • immediate effects
59
Q

Regulation of enzyme activity

A
  • Only useful for enzymes catalyzing reactions with a large delta G (irreversible)
  • Different mechanisms for enzyme regulation
60
Q

What allows forward and reverse enzymes to avoid futile cycles?

A

The enzymes are reciprocally regulated

61
Q

What type of reaction are the majority of steps in metabolic pathways?

A

Reversible

62
Q

Le Chatelier’s principle

A

When a system at equilibrium is distributed is reacts to minimize the disturbance

63
Q

What are the 7 reversible steps in Glycolysis?

A
  • phosphoglucose isomerase
  • aldolase
  • Triose phosphate isomerase
  • glyceralhedyde-3-phosphatedehydrogenase
  • phosphoglycerate kinase
  • phosphoglycerate mutase
  • enolase
64
Q

What are the 3 irreversible steps in glycolysis?

A
  • Hexokinase
  • phosphofructokinase
  • pyruvate kinase
65
Q

What are the 3 enzyme activity mechanisms?

A

a) allosteric control (immediate)
b) covalent modification (minutes)
c) synthesis or deration (hours/days)

66
Q

Allosteric control types of inhibition

A
  • product inhibition
  • feedforward activation
  • feedback inhibition
67
Q

Why are covalent modification often part f the intracellular signaling net work?

A

It allows the cell to respond to environmental cues

68
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

Final products of the entire pathway regulating an irreversible enzyme earlier on in the pathway (typically the committed step)

69
Q

Aerobic re-oxidation of NAD+?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. Mitochondrial conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and oxidation in TCA cycle

70
Q

Anaerobic re-oxidation of NAD+?

A

Cytosolic regeneration of NAD+

71
Q

What process occurs in the absence of dietary carbohydrates, to produce glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors?

A

Gluconeogenesis

72
Q

Where does gluconeogenesis primarily occur?

A

Liver, some in kidney

73
Q

Substrates for gluconeogenesis:

A

pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, most amino acids, all citric acid cycle intermediates. NOT fatty acids!

74
Q

What is the same between glyconegenesis and glycolysis?

A

Reversible reactions (near equilibrium)

75
Q

What glycolytic enzymes are not used for gluconeogenesis?

A
  • Hexokinase
  • phosphofructokinase
  • pyruvate kinase
76
Q

Unique gluconeogenesis enzymes

A

*Glucose phosphatase
* fructobisphosphatase
* phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK)
* Pyruvate carboxylase

77
Q

Pyruvate carboxylase

A
  • Carboxylates pyruvate to oxalacetate
  • Requires ATP
  • Biotin cofactor (Vitamin B7)
  • Mitochondrial enzyme
78
Q

PEPCK

A
  • Decarboxylates and phosphorylates oxaloacetate to PEP
  • Requires GTP
  • Cytosolic enzme
79
Q

Substrates for gluconeogenesis?

A

Any metabolite that can be converted to pyruvate or oxaloacetate or another glycolytic intermediate (lactate, glucogenic amino acids, glycerol, acetyl-CoA)

80
Q

GLUT transporter

A

Facilitated diffusion of glucose (intracellular/extracellular), not glucose-6-phosphate

81
Q

Hexokinase isoforms accostiated with mitochondira?

A

I and II

82
Q

Hexokinase isoforms inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate?

A

I, II, and III

83
Q

Hexokinase isoforms not inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate?

A

IV (glucokinase)

84
Q

What are glycolysis intermediates used for?

A

Synthesis of amino acids and lipids

85
Q

What type of kinetics does PFK-1 show regarding it substrate Fructose-6-phosphate and what does it indicate?

A

Sigmoidal kinetics and allosteric binding of F-6-P

86
Q

ATP and glycolysis regulation

A

Sufficient energy, no need for glycolysis

87
Q

AMP and glycolysis regulation

A

Low energy, needs glycolysis. Even little AMP can overcome the inhibition by ATP

88
Q

What is the most potent activator of phosphofrcutokinase-1

A

Fructose-2,6-biphosphate (NOT the glycolytic enzyme!!!!)

89
Q

What prevents glycolysis and gluconeogenesis futile cycle?

A

Frcutose-2,6-BP

90
Q

Which enzyme is bifuncional?

A

Phosphofructokinase 2

91
Q

What does Frucotse-2,6-biphsophate (F2,6P) activate and inhibit?

A

Allosteric activation of PFK and allosteric inhibitor of FBPase

BIOC 3300 (11 decks)

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