Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PNS Tx 600 > Week 1: Intro, Bell's Palsy > Flashcards

Week 1: Intro, Bell's Palsy Flashcards

1
Q

PNS

A

All neural structures outside the brain and spinal cord.

Sensory receptors, peripheral nerves, ganglia, efferent motor endings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Nerve

A

Parallel bundles of peripheral axons enclosed by successive wrappings of connective tissue:

Endoneurium
Perineurium
Epineurium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Endoneurium

A

In a spinal or cranial nerve, the innermost layers of tissue surrounding an individual axon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Perineurium

A

Intermediate (and thickest) layer of connective tissue in a spinal/cranial nerve. Covers fascicle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Fascicle.

A

A bundle of endoneurium-wrapped axons, itself wrapped in perineurium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Epineurium

A

Most superficial layer of connective tissue covering spinal/cranial nerves. Fibroblasts and thick collagen fibres.
Encases bundles of fascicles (ie the entire nerve).

Where the blood supply is.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Peripheral Nerves are classified as either:

A

Cranial or spinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ganglia

A

Collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The Cranial Nerves

A 
I. Olfactory
II. Optic
III. Occulomotor
IV. Trochlear
V. Trigeminal
VI. Abucens
VII. Facial
VIII. Vestibulocochlear
IX. Glossopharyngeal
X. Vagus
XI. Accessory
XII. Hypoglossal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Innervates all sensory organs, and voluntary muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Nervus nervorum

A

The nerve’s nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Neuropathology

A

Study of diseases of the nervous system. Anatomic .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Neuropathy

A

Functional disturbance and/or pathological change in PNS. Typically causes numbness and/or weakness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Neuralgia

A

Pain along the course of a nerve often in absence of objective signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Neuritis

A

Inflammation of one or more nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Radiculopathy/Radiculitis

A

Damage to nerve root

Often results in pain along dermatome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Polyradiculopathy

A

Radiculopathy involving more than one nerve root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Causalgia

A

Peripheral nerve injury that causes severe SNS hyperactivity. (CRPS Type II)
Hyperalgesia
Sustained burning pain after nerve injury.
Should resolve after injury does.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Wallerian Degeneration

A

Demyelination and degeneration of axon distal to injury.

Neurolemma remains, Schwann cells multiply and form a regeneration tube, which guides the growth of a new axon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Neuropraxia

A

1st degree damage
Transient conduction block

Local demyelination

Can affect either motor or sensory, but usually not both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Axonotmesis

A

2nd degree damage from prolonged, severe compression

Endoneural tube intact

Wallerian degeneration

Massage can help increase healing and maintain tissue health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Neurotmesis

A

Severance of nerve
Endoneural tube severed.

Sensory, motor and autonomic losses
Poor prognosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Nerve lesions can be:

A

Complete or partial

Permanent or regenerating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Free Coaptation

A

Surgical procedure
Graft nerve without undue tension

When treating, be cognizant of new nerve position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Segmental Demyelination
``` Local damage to the myelin sheath. Often from (or synonymous with, or characteristic of) neuropraxia Axon remains intact; remyelination and recovery occurs ```
26
Polyneuropathy
AKA polyneuritis Widespread degeneration of peripheral nerves. Often symmetrical Classically: 1. symmetrical weakness 2. symmetrical distal sensory symptoms (ie stocking and glove) 3. hyporeflexia (esp with DM, leprosy, infections, Vit B deficiency)
27
Motor Neuropathy
Weakness, flaccid paralysis, atrophy, decreased DTR's Ex. Guillain-Barre syndrome
28
Sensory Neuropathy
Only sensory nerves affected. Paresthesias, dysesthesias, numbness
29
Paresthesia
A sensation of tingling, tickling, pricking, or burning of a person's skin with no apparent and obvious long-term physical effect. Pins and needles, foot falling askeep
30
Dysesthesia
Abnormal, unpleasant sensation. Spontaneous or evoked
31
Autonomic neuropathy
Can include hypotension, anhydrosis, diaphoresis, diarrhea or constipation
32
Intraneural edema
Can develop after trauma. At first can impair normal surroundings and then nerve function. Edema affects ability of nutrients to pass vessel walls, ECM and basal membrane of Schwann cells to reach nerves. Can lead to fibroblast formation
33
Compression can lead to
``` Extraneural pressure --> Intraneural pressure --> yadda yadda yadda --> Fibrosis (weakness) Degeneration of the distal end (motor loss) Conduction blockage (reflex) ```
34
UMN vs LMN: reflexes
UMN hyperactive | LMN diminished or absent
35
UMN vs LMN: Atrophy
UMN absent | LMN: present
36
UMN vs LMN: Fasciculations
UMN: absent LMN: present
37
UMN vs LMN: Tone
UMN: increased LMN: decreased or absent
38
Neurogenic vs Myogenic: Distribution
Neuropathic: distal> proximal Myopathic: proximal> distal
39
Neurogenic vs Myogenic: fasciculations
Neuropathic: maybe Myopathic: absent
40
Neurogenic vs Myogenic: reflexes
Neuropathic: diminished Myopathic: unaffected
41
Neurogenic vs Myogenic: sensory Sx
Neuropathic: maybe Myopathic: unaffected
42
Hyperreflexia
overactive reflexes Associated with UMN lesions (long motor tracts from the bran) Twitch, spasm
43
Clonus
Involuntary muscle contractions due to sudden stretching of the muscle. Usually reflex origin. UMN.
44
Fasciculation
Small, local, involuntary twitching From spontaneous discharge of skeleton muscle fibres LMN
45
Dystrophy
Degeneration of tissue due to disease or (most commonly) malnutrition. CNS involvement
46
Flaccidity
Atonic muscles
47
Spasticity
Involuntary muscle tone that is resistant to movement. | Mainly CNS
48
Atrophy
Partial or complete wasting of part of the body.
49
General Considerations of Neurological Exams
Right to left symmetry Central vs peripheral deficits 7 categories of consideration
50
What are the seven categories to consider in neurological exams?
1. mental status 2. cranial nerves 3. motor 4. coordination and gait 5. reflexes 6. sensory 7. special tests
51
Bell's Palsy
Unilateral lesion of the Facial Nerve (CN VII). LMN Mononeuropathy Characterized by facial hemiparesis Idiopathic. Maybe infection, maybe trauma, maybe tumours
52
Motor Branches of the Facial Nerve
1. Temporal (orbit, forehead) 2. Zygomatic (orbital area) 3. Buccal (buccinator, upper lip) 4. Mandibular (lower lip, chin) 5. Cervical (platysma, stylohyoid, post. digastric)
53
Entrapment of Facial Nerve
Before Geniculate Ganglion: all functions After exiting stylomastoid foramen, effects can be limited to motor (or sensory, or autonomic, one would think)
54
Difference between CNVII innervation of the forehead vs lower face
Forehead: receives CL and IL innervation Lower face only receive CL innervation Xover occurs before pons nuclei
55
Distinguishing between Bell's Palsy and UMN lesion (ie stroke)
Stroke would spare forehead; affect lower muscles CL to lesion. Bell's Palsy has IL paralysis of upper and lower face.
56
Chvostek's Sign
Test for Facial Nerve lesion. Tap facial nerve just anterior to earlobe, or between zygomatic arch and corner of moth. Postive response: twitching of mouth to more wide-ranging spasm of facial muscles
57
Testing CN I
Identify odours
58
Testing CN II
Test visual fields
59
Testing CN III
Upward, downward, medial gaze. | Rxn to light
60
Testing CN IV
Look down and out
61
Testing CN V
Corneal reflex Face sensation Clench teeth
62
Testing CN VII
Close eyes Smile, show teetch Whistle. Puff cheeks. ID tasts
63
Testing CN VIII
Hearing test. | Balance and coordination test.
64
Testing CN IX
Gag reflex | Ability to swallow
65
Testing CN X
Gag reflex Ability to swallow Say "ahhhh"
66
Testing CN XI
Resisted shoulder shrug
67
Testing CN XII
Tongue protrusion
68
Crocodile tears
Cross innervation. Tears while eating

PNS Tx 600 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions