Week 1: Intro and Red Blood Cells Flashcards
Functions of Blood
Transport ____, ____, ____, ____.
Restricts ____ by ____.
Defends ____ with ____.
Regulates ____.
Regulates ____ by ____.
Amount of blood in Human body:
____ blood in 70 kg male
____ blood in 58 kg female (not a lot!!)
Functions of Blood
Transports gases (e.g. O2, CO2), nutrients, metabolic wastes and hormones
Restricts fluid loss at injury sites via blood clotting factors
Defends against toxins and pathogens in junction with the immune system.
Regulates composition of interstitial fluid (e.g. pH, ions, water, etc)
Regulates body temperature by absorbing and redistributing heat.
On hot days, blood flows to the surface of our body and disperse the excess heat.
On cold days, blood remain in the core of our body and sustains normal temperature at the core of our body.
5L blood in 70 kg male
4L blood in 58 kg female (not a lot!!)
Constituents of blood and their functions
= ____ + ____
Hematocrit = ____
Normal hematocrit in males: ____
Normal hematocrit in females: ____
Plasma (extracellular fluid)
Constituents
= ____, ____, ____, ____, ____.
____ = ____, ____ (____, ____, ____, ____), ____, ____, ____.
Note to ____: ____
Functions
Ion: ____
Proteins:
____: ____
____: ____
____: ____
____: ____
Formed elements
Constituents & functions
____
____: ____, ____(____, ____), ____ (____, ____, ____)
____
Constituents of blood and their functions
Hematocrit = % of total blood volume occupied by formed elements (blood cells)
Normal hematocrit in males: 40% - 54%
Normal hematocrit in females: 37% - 47%
Plasma (extracellular fluid)
Constituents
Functions
Ion (bicarbonate system): buffers pH
Proteins:
Formed elements
Constituents & function
Hematopoiesis = ____
Location
In embryo:
After birth:
Adults:
Process
____ → ____, ____ → ____
In bone marrow:
___ are developing erythrocytes
___ are developing leukocytes
(Red blood cells ____ than white blood cells!)
Regulation
by ____ (____)
(name)(site of production)(influences the production of) x3
Hematopoiesis = the formation of blood cells/the formed elements of the blood
Location
In embryo: yolk sac, liver, spleen and bone marrow
After birth: bone marrow of most bones
Adults: bone marrow of pelvis, spine, ribs, cranium (skull), proximal end(the end of the bone that is closer to the body’s center) long bones
Process
(lymphocytes will further mature in thymus to T cells, in spleen to B cells, monocytes will further mature in tissue (e.g. liver, spleen) to macrophages)
In bone marrow:
25% are developing erythrocytes
75% are developing leukocytes
(Red blood cells live longer than white blood cells!)
Regulation
by cytokines (signaling proteins)
Red Blood cells
____ RBC/μl of blood
Structure
Shape:
Contents: ____(), ____(), ____
Function
____
Hemoglobin
____ hemoglobin molecules/RBC
____(structure)
# of RBC in blood is maintained by ____
Erythropoiesis = Production of RBC
____ RBC made/second
____(where)
____(nutrients required)
____(cytokine required)
removal of RBC
____ of RBC → hemolysis
____ of RBC → degraded by macrophage
RBC = proteins (globins + other proteins) + heme group (porphyrin ring + Fe2+)
protein → ____
porphyrin ring → ____
Fe2+ → ____
Red Blood cells
~5 million RBC/μl of blood
Structure
Shape: Biconcave disk created by cytoskeleton and attachment proteins.
Contents: lack nucleus (no new transcription), lack mitochondria (anaerobic metabolism), lack most of the organelles, filled with hemoglobin and enzymes.
Function: oxygen and carbon dioxide transport
Hemoglobin
~270 million hemoglobin molecules/RBC
4 subunits = 2 beta chains + 2 alpha chains
1 heme group in each subunit
heme group = 1 iron atom (can non covalently bind to oxygen) + 1 porphyrin ring
Ferrous state (Fe+2) when unbound to O2;
Ferric state (Fe+3) when bond to O2
# of RBC in blood is maintained by balanced production and removal
Erythropoiesis = Production of RBC
2-3 million RBC made/second
Stem cells in bone marrow
Requires iron, Vitamin B12 and folate in the diet
Erythropoietin (cytokine made in the kidney) promotes erythropoiesis
Kidney cells that make erythropoietin sense the amount of O2 present in blood:
O2 drops low
→ stabilize transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor (HIF1α)
→ HIF1α binds and activates the transcription of the erythropoietin gene
→ erythropoietin produced and released to the blood
Removal of RBC
10% of RBC → hemolysis
90% of RBC → degraded by macrophage
RBC = proteins (globins + other proteins) + heme group (porphyrin ring + Fe2+)
Proteins →(in macrophage)→amino acids → back to bone marrow to form proteins for RBC
→ form other proteins
Heme group →(in macrophage)→ porphyrin ring + Fe2+
Fe2+ →(transported by transferrin)→ back to bone marrow to form heme group for RBC
→ stored in liver in ferritin
Porphyrin ring →(in macrophage)→ bilirubin →(in liver) → Excreted in bile → eliminated in feces
→ absorbed into the circulation → eliminated in urine
RBC Pathology
Jaundice (hyperbilirubinemia)
Cause:
____
____
____
symptoms:
____, ____
Anemia
____(what)
symptoms:
____, ____, ____.
Cause:
Low number of red blood cells/hemoglobin
____
(cause)
(cause)
(cause)
____
(cause): ____, ____, ____, ____.
(cause): ____
Polycythemia
____
Symptoms
____:____,____
cause
____
____
RBC Pathology
Jaundice (hyperbilirubinemia)
Cause
High turnover of RBC
Liver disease (can’t handle bilirubin)
Bile duct obstruction (bilirubin can’t be excreted in the intestine and eliminated in feces)
Symptoms
yellow skin, yellow white of the eye
Anemia
Reduced ability of the blood to carry oxygen
Symptoms
Tired (muscles not getting enough energy), pale skin, dizzy (not getting enough O2 to the brain)
Cause
Low number of red blood cells/low hemoglobin
Low production of RBC
Aplastic anemia: destruction of stem cells via drugs and radiation
Inadequate nutrients: iron, folic acid, Vitamin B12
Low erythropoietin (kidney failures)
High removal of RBC
Hemolytic anemia (RBC prone to self destruction):
Defects in RBC proteins (e.g. hemoglobin causes sickle cell)
Parasitic infections
Autoimmune reactions
Drugs (some antibiotics and anti-seizure drugs)
Hemorrhagic: Excessive blood loss
Polycythemia
High hematocrit (> ~54%) causes high blood viscosity.
Symptoms
Blood clotting: strokes, heart attack
Cause
Cancerous erythrocyte precursors (divides uncontrollably)
Low oxygen delivery to tissues (e.g. Kidney).
