Week 1 Intro and Motor Learning Principles

Question 1

Motor learning and control issues from the perspective of the relationship to human development from infancy to old age

Answer 1

Motor Development

Question 2

The ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement

Answer 2

Motor Control

Question 3

emphasizes the acquisition of motor skills, the enhancement of performance of learned or highly experienced motor skills, that are difficult to perform or cannot be performed because of injury or disease.

Answer 3

Motor learning

Question 4

Responsible for:
movement coordination
use of sensory information
perceptions of ourself
past experiences
environment

Answer 4

Motor Control

Question 5

complex behavior explained through the combined action of individual reflexes chained together
does not explain movement that occurs in absence of a sensory stimulus nor novel movements
EX: PNF, quick stretch, contract relax

Answer 5

Reflex theory

Question 6

based on the idea that organized movements are “top down” with the cortex controlling all lower movement and does not explain how humans can still have reflexic movement when needed

Answer 6

Hierarchical Theory

Question 7

An action or movement is dependent on individual constraints and one how well an individual fits within their environment

Answer 7

Ecological theory

Question 8

includes concepts of schema, engrams and central motor programs

Answer 8

motor programming theory

Question 9

Theory that emphasizes environmental information, mechanical and dynamic properties of the body during movement
Not always continuous, sometimes linear progressions

Answer 9

Systems theory

Question 10

system that requires performers to adapt movement strategies to a constantly changing and unpredictable environment

Answer 10

open movement task

Question 11

number of independent elements in a system and the ways each element can react

Answer 11

degrees of freedom

Question 12

group of muscles and joints acting as functional units

Answer 12

synergies

Question 13

Reactive time + Movement Time =

Answer 13

response time

Question 14

a general trait or capacity of a person

Answer 14

ability (individual)

Question 15

an ability that is specifically related to the performance of a motor skill

Answer 15

motor ability (individual)

Question 16

activities or tasks that require voluntary control over movements of the joints and body segments to achieve a specific purpose or goal

Answer 16

motor skill (purposeful)

Question 17

activities or tasks that require mental/cognitive activity such as decision making, problem solving, remembering, etc.

Answer 17

Cognitive skill (purposeful)

Question 18

skill where the performer determines when to begin the action (gymnastics, typing)

Answer 18

closed motor skill/environment

Question 19

skill where environmental features determine when to begin the action (soccer, wrestling)

Answer 19

open motor skill/environment

Question 20

Indicated the outcome or result of performing a motor skill

Answer 20

Motor skill performance outcome measures

Question 21

indicate the activity of specific aspects of the motor control system during the performance

Answer 21

motor skill performance production measures

Question 22

skill that requires the use of large musculature to achieve the goal of the skill

Answer 22

gross motor skills

Question 23

Skill that requires control of small muscles to achieve the goal of the skill

Answer 23

fine motor skills

Question 24

maintaining/changing position of moveable objects

Answer 24

manipulation

Question 25

specified beginning and end points, simple movements

Answer 25

discrete motor skills

Question 26

involves a continuous series of discrete skills

Answer 26

serial motor skills

Question 27

no recognizable beginning or end points, repetitive and uninterrupted movements

Answer 27

continuous motor skills

Question 28

An observable behavior of executing a skill at a specific time and situation

Answer 28

Motor performance

Question 29

Testing a practiced skill performed following an interval of time after practice has ceased

Answer 29

Retention

Question 30

Tests of learning

Answer 30

retention
performance
Transfer (positive or negative)

Question 31

Transfer of learning that occurs between upper and lower extremities

Answer 31

Bilateral Transfer

Question 32

Fitts law

Answer 32

movement time increases with narrower target widths and longer movement distances

Question 33

Extremely forceful muscle contractions close to maximal effort with high speeds are associated with increased consistency

Answer 33

Rapid forceful movements

Question 34

decreased responsiveness as a result of repeated exposure to non painful stimulus

Answer 34

Habituation

Question 35

Increased responsiveness following a threatening or noxious stimulus

Answer 35

sensitization

Question 36

Part of the brain responsible for implicit procedural learning

Answer 36

Basal Ganglia
Cerebellum

Question 37

Explicit learning relies on …

Answer 37

interpretation of language

Question 38

Schmidts Schema Theory

Answer 38

Recall schema- motor parameters and movement outcomes over many trials creates a rule
Recognition schema- sensory consequences couples with initial conditions to create a representation of expected outcomes

Question 39

Ecological Theory

Answer 39

motor learning is a process: increased coordination of perception and action given the task and environmental constraints

Question 40

Cognitive stage of motor learning

Answer 40

understand the nature of the task
develop strategies used to carry out the task
determine how task will be evaluated

Question 41

Associative stage of motor learning

Answer 41

person has learned to associate environmental information with required movements
refines movement to be more consistent

Question 42

Autonomous stage of motor learning

Answer 42

performance of the skill is automatic
requiring low degree of attention for performance

Question 43

Gentiles initial stage of motor learning

Answer 43

getting the idea of the movement
organizing movement pattern for achievement of action
Learning relevant features

Question 44

Gentiles later stage of motor learning

Answer 44

adapts movement pattern to demands of any performance situation
increases consistency of action goal achievement