Week 1: Intro

Question 1

Vasovagal Response

Answer 1

May be triggered by pain or emotional upset, results from failure in autoregulation of BP and cerebral perfusion pressure (O2 delivery), resulting in short loss of consciousness

Question 2

Primary vs. Secondary Prevention

Answer 2

Primary: Reducing the incident of injury before they occur

Secondary: Addressing injuries in their early stage to prevent recurrence, severity and/or secondary complications

Question 3

Primary Prevention Examples:

Answer 3

Environmental conditions, protective equipment, proper warm up, progression of training, nutrition/hydration, scanning for technique/form, injury patterns…

Question 4

Secondary Prevention Examples:

Answer 4

Early identification of injuries, bracing/taping/wrapping, sufficient rehab and re-conditioning (including mentally), education on risk

Question 5

When should we brace instead of tape?

Answer 5

Ongoing conditions and with larger joints that require complex tape jobs (eg. knee ligaments, shoulder dislocation)

-Athletes often report feeling tighter/more secure

-Braces maintain their integrity for longer

Question 6

Orthotics

Answer 6

Proper footwear/orthotics can help to achieve optimal biomechanics and prevent injuries

-Typically recommended for 12+ years old
-Ongoing debate for vs. against orthotics
-Can be effective for people working long shifts on their feet

Question 7

Types of Sports Injuries (3 Subgroups)

Answer 7

1. Urgent vs. non-urgent
2. Traumatic vs. overuse
3. Acute vs. chronic

Question 8

What structures get injured (6)

Answer 8

1. Muscles/tendons
2. Ligament
3. Bone
4. Nerve
5. Brain
6. Skin

Question 9

Muscle/tendon injuries

Answer 9

-Strain
-Tendonitis/osis
-Contusion

Question 10

Ligament injuries

Answer 10

-Sprain (overstretch, dislocations, subluxations)

Question 11

Bone injuries

Answer 11

-Fracture/break (different types)
-Bruise

Question 12

Nerve injuries

Answer 12

-Burner/stinger
-Contusion/crush

Question 13

Brain injuries

Answer 13

-Concussion, acquired brain injury (ABI)
-Direct and indirect trauma

Question 14

Skin injuries

Answer 14

-Lacerations
-Abrasions
-Contusions

Question 15

Strains vs. Sprains

Answer 15

Strain= muscle or tendon
Sprain= ligament

Question 16

Classifications of Sprains and Strains

Answer 16

1st Degree: tissues stretch/some fibers disrupted (sprains- integrity of joint maintained, strains- contractions strong but painful)

2nd Degree: partial tear/many fibers disrupted (sprains- some instability/laxity in joint, strains- contractions weak and very painful)

3rd Degree: complete tear (sprains- significant instability/laxity in joint, strains- unable to contract and often pain-free, nerve fibers torn too)

Question 17

Types of Bone Fractures (7)

Answer 17

1. Transverse
2. Linear
3. Oblique, nondisplaced
4. Oblique, displaced
5. Spiral
6. Greenstick (bend in bone/inner fibers)
7. Comminuted

Question 18

Contusions

Answer 18

Crush injury to muscle and CT from blunt trauma

-Pain, swelling
-Discolouration (visible bruising)
-Spasm/guarding *do not massage out b/c increases circulation and brings blood to area to increase bruising
-Reflex inhibition (can stop voluntary muscle contraction and result in weakness/giving out

Question 19

Overuse Injuries

Answer 19

1. Tendonitis/osis
2. Bursitis
3. Shin splints
4. Stress fractures

Question 20

Tendonitis vs. osis

Answer 20

Tendonitis= acute, inflammation
Tendonosis= chronic, tissue breakdown/degradation

Question 21

Role of Student Trainer (6)

Answer 21

1. Emergency action plan (EAP)
2. Primary and secondary prevention
3. Scene survey
4. Stabilize (c-spine, injured limb)
5. Assess (urgent or not urgent)
6. Reassure

Question 22

EAP- what is it

Answer 22

Predetermined, organized system of managing severe injuries, allows for quick and efficient injury management

-Predetermined roles
-Promotes organization
-Decreases chaos/panic
-Creates trust and promotes reassurance

Question 23

EAP Roles

Answer 23

1. Charge person- in charge of delivering medical care
2. Call person- calls emergency services, provides medical info and meets and directs ambulance
3. Control person- manages team/crowds/surroundings/locates supplies

Question 24

EAP checklist

Answer 24

-Important numbers (emergency services, sports facility, people’s contact info)
-Address of sports facility and directions (map)
-Address of nearest hospital
-Address of urgent care/x-rays if not at main hospital
-Location of player medical records, AED and spinal board

Question 25

Foot Types

Answer 25

1. Overpronators (valgus foot)- collapses through arch or stays in pronation
2. Supinators (varus foot)- weight stays through outside of foot
3. “Normal”- ideal gait pattern

Question 26

“Normal”/Ideal Gait Analysis

Answer 26

-Heel strike in slight supination
-Arch absorbs force as it rolls into pronation
-Supinate back into neutral through mid-forefoot for neutral toe off

Question 27

Pre-tape assessment

Answer 27

-Explain tape job chosen
-Ask permission
-Clear contraindications (any cuts/abrasions/blisters, have they been taped before and if so any reactions, do you get reactions from adhesives or have any allergies)
-Check range of motion you want to limit
-Check circulation via capillary refill distal to area being taped

Question 28

When NOT to tape

Answer 28

-Allergies to adhesives
-Immediately after injury- tissues continue to bleed/swell
-Injury has not been fully assessed
-RTP criteria has not been met
-To areas of altered skin sensation (ice/muscle rubs)
-Overnight- swelling may occur and cut off circulation
-If sport governing body doesn’t allow it

Question 29

Steps for Taping:

Answer 29

1. Pre-tape assessment
2. Pre-tape adhesive spray (so it sticks while sweating)
3. Taping principles (avoid wrinkles, windows, bulges)
4. Post-tape re-assessment (ensure sufficient capillary refill, re-test limits of ROM and ensure goal of tape job is met)