Week 1: Intro Flashcards
Vasovagal Response
May be triggered by pain or emotional upset, results from failure in autoregulation of BP and cerebral perfusion pressure (O2 delivery), resulting in short loss of consciousness
Primary vs. Secondary Prevention
Primary: Reducing the incident of injury before they occur
Secondary: Addressing injuries in their early stage to prevent recurrence, severity and/or secondary complications
Primary Prevention Examples:
Environmental conditions, protective equipment, proper warm up, progression of training, nutrition/hydration, scanning for technique/form, injury patterns…
Secondary Prevention Examples:
Early identification of injuries, bracing/taping/wrapping, sufficient rehab and re-conditioning (including mentally), education on risk
When should we brace instead of tape?
Ongoing conditions and with larger joints that require complex tape jobs (eg. knee ligaments, shoulder dislocation)
-Athletes often report feeling tighter/more secure
-Braces maintain their integrity for longer
Orthotics
Proper footwear/orthotics can help to achieve optimal biomechanics and prevent injuries
-Typically recommended for 12+ years old
-Ongoing debate for vs. against orthotics
-Can be effective for people working long shifts on their feet
Types of Sports Injuries (3 Subgroups)
- Urgent vs. non-urgent
- Traumatic vs. overuse
- Acute vs. chronic
What structures get injured (6)
- Muscles/tendons
- Ligament
- Bone
- Nerve
- Brain
- Skin
Muscle/tendon injuries
-Strain
-Tendonitis/osis
-Contusion
Ligament injuries
-Sprain (overstretch, dislocations, subluxations)
Bone injuries
-Fracture/break (different types)
-Bruise
Nerve injuries
-Burner/stinger
-Contusion/crush
Brain injuries
-Concussion, acquired brain injury (ABI)
-Direct and indirect trauma
Skin injuries
-Lacerations
-Abrasions
-Contusions
Strains vs. Sprains
Strain= muscle or tendon
Sprain= ligament
Classifications of Sprains and Strains
1st Degree: tissues stretch/some fibers disrupted (sprains- integrity of joint maintained, strains- contractions strong but painful)
2nd Degree: partial tear/many fibers disrupted (sprains- some instability/laxity in joint, strains- contractions weak and very painful)
3rd Degree: complete tear (sprains- significant instability/laxity in joint, strains- unable to contract and often pain-free, nerve fibers torn too)
Types of Bone Fractures (7)
- Transverse
- Linear
- Oblique, nondisplaced
- Oblique, displaced
- Spiral
- Greenstick (bend in bone/inner fibers)
- Comminuted
Contusions
Crush injury to muscle and CT from blunt trauma
-Pain, swelling
-Discolouration (visible bruising)
-Spasm/guarding *do not massage out b/c increases circulation and brings blood to area to increase bruising
-Reflex inhibition (can stop voluntary muscle contraction and result in weakness/giving out
Overuse Injuries
- Tendonitis/osis
- Bursitis
- Shin splints
- Stress fractures
Tendonitis vs. osis
Tendonitis= acute, inflammation
Tendonosis= chronic, tissue breakdown/degradation
Role of Student Trainer (6)
- Emergency action plan (EAP)
- Primary and secondary prevention
- Scene survey
- Stabilize (c-spine, injured limb)
- Assess (urgent or not urgent)
- Reassure
EAP- what is it
Predetermined, organized system of managing severe injuries, allows for quick and efficient injury management
-Predetermined roles
-Promotes organization
-Decreases chaos/panic
-Creates trust and promotes reassurance
EAP Roles
- Charge person- in charge of delivering medical care
- Call person- calls emergency services, provides medical info and meets and directs ambulance
- Control person- manages team/crowds/surroundings/locates supplies
EAP checklist
-Important numbers (emergency services, sports facility, people’s contact info)
-Address of sports facility and directions (map)
-Address of nearest hospital
-Address of urgent care/x-rays if not at main hospital
-Location of player medical records, AED and spinal board
Foot Types
- Overpronators (valgus foot)- collapses through arch or stays in pronation
- Supinators (varus foot)- weight stays through outside of foot
- “Normal”- ideal gait pattern
“Normal”/Ideal Gait Analysis
-Heel strike in slight supination
-Arch absorbs force as it rolls into pronation
-Supinate back into neutral through mid-forefoot for neutral toe off
Pre-tape assessment
-Explain tape job chosen
-Ask permission
-Clear contraindications (any cuts/abrasions/blisters, have they been taped before and if so any reactions, do you get reactions from adhesives or have any allergies)
-Check range of motion you want to limit
-Check circulation via capillary refill distal to area being taped
When NOT to tape
-Allergies to adhesives
-Immediately after injury- tissues continue to bleed/swell
-Injury has not been fully assessed
-RTP criteria has not been met
-To areas of altered skin sensation (ice/muscle rubs)
-Overnight- swelling may occur and cut off circulation
-If sport governing body doesn’t allow it
Steps for Taping:
- Pre-tape assessment
- Pre-tape adhesive spray (so it sticks while sweating)
- Taping principles (avoid wrinkles, windows, bulges)
- Post-tape re-assessment (ensure sufficient capillary refill, re-test limits of ROM and ensure goal of tape job is met)
