Week 1 ILS (lecture)

Question 1

Mediterannean diet

- favorable effects

Answer 1

• Incease HSL, decrease LDL
• Vasodilation
• Antioxidant
• decrease in HTN

Question 2

DASH diet

• what is it?
• effects

Answer 2

• balanced between grains, fruits, veggies, lean meat/fish, dairy. low in Na
• Reduce BP

Question 3

Olive oil

• contains
• effect

Answer 3

• high levels on mono-unsaturated fat

- decrease in BP

Question 4

Cocoa

• high in
• kind
• effect

Answer 4

• flavanols
• 70% or more cocoa
• decrease in BP

Question 5

Red wine

• high in?
• effect

Answer 5

• polyphenol

- help BP

Question 6

Whole grains

• how?
• effect?
• form?

Answer 6

• fiber
• lower risk of cardiovascular events
• needs to be intact grain, not pulverized

Question 7

Fish

• high in
• effect
• types

Answer 7

• omega 3
• more flexible fatty acid in he membrane means that there will be greater elasticity in blood vessels
• Salmon, Maceral, Anchovies, Sardines, Herring

Question 8

Nuts

• why?
• how much?

Answer 8

• high in fiber and omega 9

- one large handful every other day

Question 9

Flax seeds

- why?

Answer 9

• high in omega 3 and fiber

Question 10

Fiber

- effect?

Answer 10

• reduction in BP

Question 11

B vitamins

• what is it?
• what does it do?

Answer 11

• Niacin

- reduce homocysteine which reduce hypercoagulable state

Question 12

D vitamins

• effect
• deficiency

Answer 12

• helpful for renal control and blood pressure and has direct effect on myocardium and arteries themselves
• Vitamin D deficiency increases cardiovascular risk by 62%

Question 13

Vitamin E

- effect

Answer 13

• antioxidant

Question 14

Magnesium

• how?
• deficiency?
• sources

Answer 14

• relaxes muscle and also blood vessels and does the opposite of calcium
• will cause high BP
• pumpkin seeds, coffee, quinoa, spinach, beans

Question 15

Inorganic Nitrates

- how?

Answer 15

• high in nitric oxide which is a vaso-dilator.

Question 16

Co Q 10

• how?
• effect?

Answer 16

• important in mito function and has antioxidant properties

- used for hypertension and heart failure

Question 17

How to look at rhythm

Answer 17

• each P wave should be followed by QRS and each QRS should have P wave in front
• Is p wave upright in leads I, II, III
• Is PR interval 3-5 small boxes wide?

Question 18

How to tell if rate is normal

• fast method
• calculator method
• marker method

Answer 18

• Look for 3-5 big boxes from R to R; 3: 100 bpm, 4: 75 bpm, 5: 60 bpm
• less than 3 big boxes between R to R
• Variable amount of boxes between each R to R

Question 19

Calculator method

Answer 19

• count small boxes between two R to R intervals
• 1500/ the amount of small boxes
• can only be used if R to R is constant and not variable

Question 20

Marker method

Answer 20

• use big big boxes( 5 boxes)
• 3 big big boxes = 15 big boxes
• Figure out how many big big boxes the ECG has (6 big boxes vs 10 big boxes) then count the amount of the QRS complexes in those seconda and multiply that number by however much you would need to multiply the amount of seconds to get 60 seconds

Question 21

Axis

• what is it?
• what leads to look at?
• normal?
• abnormal Left vs Right vs both

Answer 21

• how the heart lays in the chest
• I and aVF
• both should be positive deflections (upward)
• I up and aVR down = Left axis deviation
• I down and aVR up = Right axis deviation
• I down and aVR down = Extreme right axis deviation

Question 22

Interval and segments

• looking at
• normals
• RR interval:
• P wave:
• PR interval:
• PR segment:
• QRS complex:
• ST segment:
• T wave:
• ST interval:
• QT interval:

Answer 22

• intervals and segments
• RR interval: 0.6-1.2 seconds
• P wave: 80 milliseconds; 2 small boxes
• PR interval: 120-200 milliseconds; 3-5 small boxes
• PR segment: 50-120 milliseconds; 1.5 to 3 small boxes
• QRS complex: 80-100 milliseconds; 2 to 2.5 small boxes
• ST segment: 80-120 milliseconds
• T wave: 160 milliseconds; 4 small boxes
• ST interval: 320 milliseconds; 8 small boxes
• QT interval: 420; 10 to 10.5 small boxes

Question 23

Complexes/Waves

• looking for
• atrial hypertrophy
• ventricular hypertrophy

Answer 23

• places for hypertophy
• Lead v1- left atrial enlargement, Lead II right atrial enlargement
• Lead V1; positive inflection means right ventricular hypertrophy; would normally expect a negative inflection

Question 24

1 sxs

Answer 24

Right atrial enlargement; right is lead II, left is Lead V1

Question 25

2 sxs

Answer 25

Left atrial enlargement; right is lead II, left is Lead V1

Question 26

Inverted T wave

- means

Answer 26

-cardiac ischemia

Question 27

ST segment depression

- meaning

Answer 27

• subendocardial infarction (early stages

Question 28

ST elevation

- meaning

Answer 28

• MI

Question 29

Really long R to S

Answer 29

• evidence of previous infarction

Question 30

Leads that correspond to specific area of heart

• anterolateral
• interior
• anterior septal
• apical

Answer 30

• I, aVL, V5, V6
• II, III, aVF
• V1, V2
• V3, V4