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BIOL 518 Microbiology > Week 1: Human Microbiome > Flashcards

Week 1: Human Microbiome Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microbe

3 bullet points

A
  • Small, metabolically, genetically and structurally diverse organisms
  • Some can live anywhere
  • Essential for human health
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2
Q

Microbes influence___

3 bullet points

A
  • genetic diversity
  • normal physiology
  • health state
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3
Q

What is a microbiome?
3 bullet points
definition, types(4), where on spectrum

A
  • the microbial communities of an environment
  • Bacteria ・viruses・fungi・archaea
  • ← beneficial・commensal・pathogenic →
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4
Q

Where do these microbes live? Give examples of specific niches.

A
  • in biomes, specific conditions(temp., moisture) and characteristic organisms
  • each biome has different microbes
    Ex: skin, mouth, armpit, stomach, intestines and vagina
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5
Q

Describe skin biome

A

desert, dry and high UV

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6
Q

Describe mouth biome

A

lake, wet, nutrient rich

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7
Q

Describe armpit biome

A

rain forest, moist, warm, humid

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8
Q

Describe stomach biome

A

acid lake

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9
Q

Describe intestine, vagina biomes

A

swamps

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10
Q

Which microbes live where?

What determines where microbes live on/in humans?

A

ecological principles

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11
Q

Name ecological principles(4)

A
  • selection/site specificity
  • succession
  • niche filling/founders effect
  • disturbance events(cyclic[diurnal, seasonal], catastrophic)
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12
Q

Selection/site specificity

A
  • diff. microbes have diff. needs

- diff. sites host diff microbes due to variation in: moisture, pH, nutrients, presence of other microbes

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13
Q

Selection/site specificity:

How to characterize microbial environments? w/ examples

A
  • abiotic: non-living factor of an ecosystem
    ex: temp., pH, moisture, nutrients, light, oxygen
  • biotic: living factor of an ecosystem
    ex: host immunology, microbial interaction
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14
Q

selection/site specificity:

microbes change their environments due to___

A
  • Due to metabolic “waste” product
    ex: pH・oxygen・sugars・etc
  • Due to ability to kill other microbes
    ex: Secrete toxins, antibiotics, antifungals, lyse, etc.
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15
Q

Niche filling/Founders effect:

Unique microbiome for each person acquired___

A
  • Acquired each generation: birth, foods, environment

- “microbial signature”

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16
Q

Niche filling/Founders effect:

in utero___

A
  • babies have limited/no bacteria within the amniotic sac
17
Q

Niche filling/Founders effect:

Baby has limited___

A
  • habitat space
  • nutrients
    this is where niche filling and founder effect come in
18
Q

Founders effect

A
  • Those species that get there first, fill specific spaces
    • Harder to remove once established
    • Redecorate- change the habitat
19
Q

Niche filling:

Baby as “bacterial magnet”:

A
  • Open habitats for microbes to colonize
  • Repressed immune system
  • Surrounded by microbes(moms, other, environment)
20
Q

Niche filling during:

A
  • during labor when water breaks, vaginal microbes
  • during delivery; vaginally(vaginal and gut microbes) or scheduled C-section(skin microbes)
  • w/ first foods(skin, breast milk, formula)
  • skin to skin interactions(kangaroo, kissing, nursing)
21
Q

Succession

A
  • the process by which the structure of a biological community evolves over time
22
Q

Baby primary succession

A
  • niche colonized for the first time

- birth-2/3 years

23
Q

secondary succession

A
  • recolonization of niche after major disturbance
24
Q

Succession occurring through___

A
  • Immune system development
  • Foods
  • Environmental influences(medicine, pathogens, daily exposures-soaps,etc.)
25
Q

What is the function of the microbiome?

7 bullet points

A
  • Trains the immune system
  • Fills niches to keep out pathogens
  • Digests food
  • Synthesizing vitamins
  • Detoxifies poisons/metabolizes drugs
  • Polyphenols degraded to antioxidants
  • Mental health
26
Q

How stable is the microbiome?
Transition to solid food
3 bullet points

A
  • w/ table foods, bacteroidetes increased
  • More similar to adult microbiome
  • Adult microbiome influenced by diet
27
Q

How stable is the microbiome?

Relative stability over time in gut

A
  • 37 healthy adults
  • 60% of strains remaining during 5 years
  • Strains were maintained within family units, but not unrelated people
  • Early gut colonizers most stable
28
Q

Disturbance events:
Ecosystem problems if___ causes disturbance
3 bullet points

A
  • Key organisms missing
  • Wrong nutrients
  • Invasive species
29
Q

Cyclic Disturbance:

Diet Shift

A

-Drastic short term diet shifts changes microbiome community structure

30
Q

Cyclic Disturbance: Diet Shift

Meat + cheese increases_____

A

-Increase in bile tolerant microbes that can trigger inflammatory bowel disease

31
Q

Cyclic Disturbance: Diet Shift

Vegetarian

A

-Increase in plant polysaccharide degraders

32
Q

Cyclic Disturbance: Diet Shift

Bacteria acquired from food were___

A

-transient

33
Q

Catastrophic Disturbance: Antibiotics
Antibiotics cause___
4 bullet points

A
  • Shift in bacterial taxa
  • Open habitat
  • Resistant taxa increase
  • Opportunistic pathogens in low abundance in healthy humans
34
Q

Catastrophic Disturbance: Digestive system distress

4 types of Chronic digestive system disorders

A
  • Inflammatory bowel disease
  • Crohn’s disease
  • Ulcerative colitis
  • Clostridium difficile infections
35
Q

Catastrophic Disturbance: Digestive system distress
digestive system distress causes
2 bullet points

A
  • Microbiome profile to be different from healthy people

- Chronic diarrhea

36
Q

digestive system distress caused by

A

Often begins after antibiotic use for an unrelated issue(pneumonia, surgery, etc..)

37
Q

C. difficile case study

A
  • 61 yo F
  • Chronic diarrhea every 15 mins for 8 months
  • Confined to wheelchair
  • Antibiotics for back surgery
  • Repeated cycles of antibiotics, symptom remission, then resurgence
  • treated w/ FMT and 1 month negative for C. difficile
38
Q

Fetal Microbiome Treatment

4 bullet points

A
  • 4th century, China; treatment for food poisoning or severe diarrhea
  • used to reestablish microbiome using the healthy microbiome from another individual, often family member
  • screened stool and blood for: known pathogens, Chronic conditions(metabolic syndrome, autoimmune disorders, digestive problems
  • also successful for ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, and inflammatory bowel disease
39
Q

Fetal Microbiome Treatment

Methods

A
  • Duodenal infusion
  • Colonoscopy; most effective
  • Enema
  • Oral capsules

BIOL 518 Microbiology (1 decks)

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