WEEK 1 - HUMAN BODY, CELLS, STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

Question 1

ANATOMY

Answer 1

STUDY OF STRUCTURE

Question 2

PHYSIOLOGY

Answer 2

STUDY OF FUNCTION

Question 3

Name 3 types of anatomical subdivisions

Answer 3

Gross, microscopic, Developmental

Question 4

List the levels of organization in order

Answer 4

atoms, molecules, organelles, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Question 5

Cranial cavity and Vertebral cavity position

Answer 5

Dorsal = posterior

Question 6

Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavity position

Answer 6

Ventral = anterior

Question 7

Organic molecules

Answer 7

Made up of carbon

Question 8

Name 3 macro nutrients that organic molecules are made up of

Answer 8

Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins

Question 9

Name one monosaccharide

Answer 9

Glucose

Question 10

Name one disaccharide

Answer 10

Lactose

Question 11

Name one polysaccharide

Answer 11

Glycogen

Question 12

Name 3 structural proteins and the structures they make up

Answer 12

Collagen, Elastin and Keratin. They make up structures such as muscles, bones, skin, hair and teeth

Question 13

Name 2 movement proteins

Answer 13

Myosin and Actin

Question 14

Name 2 types of cellular communication proteins

Answer 14

hormones and neurotransmitters

Question 15

Name a type of triglyceride and it’s function

Answer 15

Fat. It is a stored energy source

Question 16

Name a phospholipid

Answer 16

cell membrane

Question 17

Name 4 types of sterols

Answer 17

Sex hormones, Cholesterol, Bile salts, Vit D

Question 18

Name fat soluble vitamins

Answer 18

Vit A, Vit E, Vit K

Question 19

What is the definition of homeostasis?

Answer 19

Maintenance of stable internal environment, despite changes

Question 20

Describe Negative Feedback Mechanism

Answer 20

Negative feedback loop is a reverse response enacted to a change detected by the body (it functions to reduce the change)

Question 21

What 3 components make up negative feedback? Describe what they do

Answer 21

Receptor - senses and monitors, Control Centre - determines normal range. Also determines appropriate response to send to effector, Effector - feeds back to control centre to either send more stimulus or stop stimulus because homeostasis has been reached

Question 22

TRUE or FALSE
The output is sent along the afferent pathway?

Answer 22

FALSE. Control Centre sends the output along the Efferent pathway to the Effector

Question 23

Name and Describe 4 functions of plasma membrane

Answer 23

1. Isolation: separates ICF from ECF
2. Regulation of exchange between the environment: proteins within membranes act as channels or carriers to allow molecules to pass through
3. Communication between cell and the environment: surface proteins bind to extracellular molecules and induce a change in the cell
4. Proteins hold cytoskeleton in place

Question 24

Name and describe 3 regions of nucleus

Answer 24

1. nuclear envelope: selectively permeable double membrane barrier containing pores
2. Nucleolus: site where ribosome assembly takes place
3. Chromatin: Fine threads of DNA found in nucleoplasm. When cell division occurs, chromatin condenses into chromosomes

Question 25

Transcription

Answer 25

Making an exact copy. DNA is transcribed into mRNA

Question 26

Translation

Answer 26

Takes message in one language and restates it in another. Language of RNA translated to language of proteins. mRNA binds to ribosomes. tRNA transfers amino acids until mRNA decodes it into protein

Question 27

How many types of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) are there? Name them and describe their functions

Answer 27

2 types of ER: Smooth ER and Rough (granular) ER

Smooth ER:
- no ribosomes (agranular),
- site of lipid metabolism and hormone synthesis,
- drug detox

Rough ER:
- ribosomes give it rough appearance,
- site of protein synthesis

Question 28

Mitochondria

Answer 28

Powerhouse of the cell, produces ATP via aerobic respiration, contains own mitochondrial DNA and RNA

Question 29

Lysosomes

Answer 29

Garbage disposal site of cell. Contains digestive enzymes to breakdown: toxins, bacteria, viruses and non functional organelles

Question 30

Ribosomes

Answer 30

Synthesise proteins

Question 31

What is the chemical equation that makes ATP from ADP?

Answer 31

ADP + Pi (phosphate) + free energy→ ATP + H2O.

Question 32

What is the chemical equation of energy released (from ATP to ADP?)

Answer 32

ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi + free energy
(energy is release when 1 phosphate group is removed)