WEEK 1 - HUMAN BODY, CELLS, STRUCTURE & FUNCTION Flashcards
ANATOMY
STUDY OF STRUCTURE
PHYSIOLOGY
STUDY OF FUNCTION
Name 3 types of anatomical subdivisions
Gross, microscopic, Developmental
List the levels of organization in order
atoms, molecules, organelles, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Cranial cavity and Vertebral cavity position
Dorsal = posterior
Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavity position
Ventral = anterior
Organic molecules
Made up of carbon
Name 3 macro nutrients that organic molecules are made up of
Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins
Name one monosaccharide
Glucose
Name one disaccharide
Lactose
Name one polysaccharide
Glycogen
Name 3 structural proteins and the structures they make up
Collagen, Elastin and Keratin. They make up structures such as muscles, bones, skin, hair and teeth
Name 2 movement proteins
Myosin and Actin
Name 2 types of cellular communication proteins
hormones and neurotransmitters
Name a type of triglyceride and it’s function
Fat. It is a stored energy source
Name a phospholipid
cell membrane
Name 4 types of sterols
Sex hormones, Cholesterol, Bile salts, Vit D
Name fat soluble vitamins
Vit A, Vit E, Vit K
What is the definition of homeostasis?
Maintenance of stable internal environment, despite changes
Describe Negative Feedback Mechanism
Negative feedback loop is a reverse response enacted to a change detected by the body (it functions to reduce the change)
What 3 components make up negative feedback? Describe what they do
Receptor - senses and monitors, Control Centre - determines normal range. Also determines appropriate response to send to effector, Effector - feeds back to control centre to either send more stimulus or stop stimulus because homeostasis has been reached
TRUE or FALSE
The output is sent along the afferent pathway?
FALSE. Control Centre sends the output along the Efferent pathway to the Effector
Name and Describe 4 functions of plasma membrane
- Isolation: separates ICF from ECF
- Regulation of exchange between the environment: proteins within membranes act as channels or carriers to allow molecules to pass through
- Communication between cell and the environment: surface proteins bind to extracellular molecules and induce a change in the cell
- Proteins hold cytoskeleton in place
Name and describe 3 regions of nucleus
- nuclear envelope: selectively permeable double membrane barrier containing pores
- Nucleolus: site where ribosome assembly takes place
- Chromatin: Fine threads of DNA found in nucleoplasm. When cell division occurs, chromatin condenses into chromosomes
Transcription
Making an exact copy. DNA is transcribed into mRNA
Translation
Takes message in one language and restates it in another. Language of RNA translated to language of proteins. mRNA binds to ribosomes. tRNA transfers amino acids until mRNA decodes it into protein
How many types of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) are there? Name them and describe their functions
2 types of ER: Smooth ER and Rough (granular) ER
Smooth ER:
- no ribosomes (agranular),
- site of lipid metabolism and hormone synthesis,
- drug detox
Rough ER:
- ribosomes give it rough appearance,
- site of protein synthesis
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, produces ATP via aerobic respiration, contains own mitochondrial DNA and RNA
Lysosomes
Garbage disposal site of cell. Contains digestive enzymes to breakdown: toxins, bacteria, viruses and non functional organelles
Ribosomes
Synthesise proteins
What is the chemical equation that makes ATP from ADP?
ADP + Pi (phosphate) + free energy→ ATP + H2O.
What is the chemical equation of energy released (from ATP to ADP?)
ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi + free energy
(energy is release when 1 phosphate group is removed)
