Week 1 - Host-Pathogen Interactions

Question 1

How are microbes classified

Answer 1

16s/18s rRNA sequencing
97% or more similarity at species level and members of the species share similar physical, chemical and metabolic characteristics.

Question 2

What is the Bionomial nomenclature

Answer 2

Genus species
one unknown species = sp.
multiple unknown species = spp.

Question 3

subspecies

Answer 3

strain

Question 4

serotype

Answer 4

differentiate within a species based on antigenic variations. Tested by observing differences in antibody reactions.

Question 5

Symbiosis

Answer 5

close and stable biological interaction with another organism
Symbiont - small organism
Host - larger organism

Question 6

Host cell:microbe

Answer 6

1:10
10^13:10^14

Question 7

microbiota

Answer 7

total microbial population of a given site or habitat

Question 8

microbiome

Answer 8

genetic content of the microbiota

Question 9

Human microbiota

Answer 9

microbes reside in all area of the body exposed to the external environment: skin, anils, hair, eyes, genetalia, URT, mouth and GIT, lower sections of urogenital tract.
Internal tissues are usually free of microorganisms.

Question 10

Normal microbiota

Answer 10

resident and transient microorganims coloniseing surface tissues and are considered beneficial. Acquired rapidly after birth and is continuously changing throughout life.

Question 11

The composition of microbes varies with location dependent on factors such as

Answer 11

pH, temp, oxygen, water and nutrients

Question 12

Role of microbiota in gut-brain axis (GBA)

Answer 12

Question 13

Dysbiosis

Answer 13

Disruption

Question 14

difference between infection and disease

Answer 14

infection is the pathogen’s entry to body and growth
disease is host damage as a results of infection, manifesting as signs and symptoms

Question 15

pathogenesis

Answer 15

process whereby an organism causes disease

Question 16

Displacing the ratio of species of normal microbiota

Answer 16

can lead to pathogens colonising the area resulting in disease
displacement can be due to antibiotic treatments affecting the microbiota

Question 17

Mutualism

Answer 17

Question 18

Commensalism

Answer 18

Question 19

Parasitism

Answer 19

Question 20

Disease caused by normal microbiota are

Answer 20

Endogenous opportunistic pathogens

Question 21

Large intestine contains

Answer 21

Anaerobic microorganisms and archae

Question 22

Characteristics of Skin (4)

Answer 22

Question 23

Nails contains

Answer 23

trapped dust with mostly fungi (aspergillus, penicillium, caldosporium, mucor)

Question 24

Characteristics of mouth