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Deciphering Secrets: The Illuminated Manuscripts of Medieval Europe > Week 1: Historical Context - Medieval Europe & the Mediterranean > Flashcards

Week 1: Historical Context - Medieval Europe & the Mediterranean Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 sister cultures of Medieval Europe?

A

Eastern Roman/Byzantine Empire, Islamic civilization

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2
Q

What regions were dominated by which religions?

A

Northern/Western Europe: Christianity

Mediterranean: Islam

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3
Q

When were the Middle Ages?

A

600-1500CE

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4
Q

When was the beginning of the European Renaissance?

A

1400s

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5
Q

What is another name for the period of the fall of the Roman Empire?

A

Late Antiquity

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6
Q

When was Rome founded?

A

~753BCE

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7
Q

Who separated Rome into western & eastern entities?

A

Emperor Diocletian (ruled 284-305CE)

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8
Q

When did Constantine rule the Byzantine empire?

A

306-337CE

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9
Q

Who briefly reunited the Roman Empire?

A

Theodosius I; died 395CE

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10
Q

What are the districts of the Tetrarchy & their capitals?

A

District of Contanius as Caesar (capital: Trier)
District of Maximian as Augustus (capital: Milan)
District of Galerius as Caesar (capital: Sirmium)
District of Diocletian as Augustus (capital: Nicomedia)

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11
Q

What led to the Visigoth rebellion against Rome?

A

Their displacement from their native lands (modern-day Romania) by the Huns in 376CE

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12
Q

When and where did the Visigoths kill Emperor Valens?

A

378CE, Battle of Adrianople

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13
Q

When did the Visigoths unite under King Alaric?

A

410CE

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14
Q

When did the Vandals settle in Iberia?

A

409CE

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15
Q

Where and when did the vandals finally establish a new homeland?

A

429CE, North Africa

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16
Q

When did the Vandals plunder Rome?

A

455CE

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17
Q

What did the remains of Rome have in common?

A

Legal system, language (Latin), currency (solidus), and eventually Christianity

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18
Q

Who were three prominent early leaders of Byzantine?

A

Constantine, Theodosius, Justinian

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19
Q

What did Constantine dream of that inspired him to pivot to Christianity?

A

A burning cross

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20
Q

When/where was the Battle of Milvian Bridge and why was it significant?

A

312CE, Italian Peninsula; Constantine insisted all his soldiers paint crosses on their shields, denoting Christianity

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21
Q

What was the Edict of Milan?

A

Edict by Constantine declaring that no Christian should be oppressed under the Roman regime

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22
Q

Who were the Byzantines battling in the early 7th century?

A

Sassinids of Ctesiphon (modern-day Iraq)

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23
Q

What did the Sassinids do in 614CE?

A

Seize Byzantine Jerusalem and take piece of the original cross

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24
Q

When did Mohammed begin receiving revelations from Jibril (Gabriel)?

A

610CE in Mecca

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25
Q

What tribe did Mohammed belong to?

A

Banu Quraysh

26
Q

What communities had Mohammed united by 630CE?

A

Mecca & Medina

27
Q

When was the first caliphate formed and what was it?

A

661, Umayyad Caliphate of Damascus, Syria

28
Q

What is a caliphate?

A

Muslim religious-political civilization

29
Q

When did Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Spain?

A

711d

30
Q

After fall of Rome, what was Europe’s relationship to the outside world? Itself?

A

Europe cut off from global trade routes. Geography made political unity difficult but coastlines & rivers facilitated internal exchange and moderate climate facilitated population growth

31
Q

What is the traditional date for the fall of the Western Roman Empire?

A

476CE

32
Q

What were the outcomes in Europe from loss of centralized rule?

A

Europe population decreased 25% because of war and disease
Contraction of cultivated land
Contraction of urban life
No more Italian long-distance trade routes
Decline in literacy

33
Q

What became principle driver of European civilization after fall of Rome?

A

Germanic culture

34
Q

Who first attempted to revive the Roman Empire?

A

Charlemagne (ruled 768-814)

35
Q

When was Charlemagne coronated?

A

Christmas Day, 800

36
Q

Who created the Holy Roman Empire and where was it?

A

Otto I of Saxony (ruled 936-973), principally in German and Austria

37
Q

How did Spain reorganize itself after fall of Visigoths to Islamic invaders?

A

Organized into lesser Christian kingdom; Leon, Castile, Navarro (militaristic) and Aragon (economic)

38
Q

Who were the principle political, economic, and cultural leaders of Europe by the end of the first millennium?

A

The Franks

39
Q

Who began the ascent of the Franks as cultural leaders of Europe?

A

Charles Martel, palace mayor under Merovingian king (714 - 751)

40
Q

What did Charles Martel do?

A

Founded Carolingian Dynasty, credited with saving Franks from Muslim invaders in 732 at Battle of Porters

41
Q

Where does the word “Carolingian” come from?

A

From “carolus”, latin for Charles

42
Q

What does Charles de Steuben’s Bataille de Portiers en Octobre 732 depict?

A

Charles Martel, mounted, facing off against Abdul Rahman Al Ghaligi

43
Q

Who is Charlemagne?

A

Most important of the Carolingian kings

44
Q

Who was Einhard?

A

Courtier and scholar, wrote The Life of Charlemagne

45
Q

How far did Charlemagne’s empire extend?

A

All present-day France
SW into northern Iberian peninsula & Barcelona
NE into present-day Germany & Elbe River
SE including parts of Croatia & northern Italy

46
Q

What is the Song of Roland?

A

One of the oldest surviving French literary texts, written in 12th century, depicting life in 8th century

47
Q

Who is the main character of Song of Roland?

A

Roland, Charlemagne’s nephew

48
Q

When was Song of Roland first sung?

A

1066 by Normal minstrel Taillefer

49
Q

What is the story of Song of Roland?

A

Roland’s betrayal and death defending Charlemagne’s rear guard, the Christian struggle against Muslims (Saracens)

50
Q

What is the influence of Song of Roland?

A

Used by different communities to define Christian identities; the battle depicted never actually recorded by Muslim historians

51
Q

What does the song of Roland depict Charlemagne attempting?

A

Establishing and maintaining authority over southern France & NE coast of Spain/Catalonia

52
Q

What is the battle depicted in Song of Roland and when is it?

A

Battle at Ronceseaux, 778

53
Q

What kind of conflict does the Song of Roland actually depict?

A

Basque/French (as opposed to Muslim/Christian)

54
Q

How are Muslims described in the Song of Roland?

A

Darker pagans who rule from Carthage to Ethiopia & worship 3 gods

55
Q

What was the basis for the Carolingian economy?

A

Warfare, trade, agriculture

56
Q

With whom did the Carolingian trade glassware?

A

The Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad, providing many silver dirhams to be re-minted into Frankish currency

57
Q

How did tenant farmers pay their leases and royal taxes?

A

In-kind or w/product from the land

58
Q

Why were Carolingian kings anointed with oil at their coronations?

A

Mimicking Old Testament idea of being anointed by God

59
Q

What was a primary upper-class Frank investment as their wealth accumulated?

A

Political and religious books, and scholarly works (gospels, grammar books)

60
Q

How does feudalism work (essentially)?

A

A vassal offered allegiance to a lord and is given means to secure living in return

61
Q

What is a caliph?

A

Head of integrated Muslim religious-political state; describes leader who is head of Islamic communit governed by Shari’a law (umma)

62
Q

What is the significance of caliphs to Muslims?

A

Inherently the successors of Muhammad, first lead of the Muslim community; originally called Khalifat Rasul Allah

Deciphering Secrets: The Illuminated Manuscripts of Medieval Europe (1 decks)

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