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z. Honours Stats Revision > Week 1 Hills P1-13 > Flashcards

Week 1 Hills P1-13 Flashcards

0
Q

Characteristics of a constant:

A

A constant always has the same value (eg, pi, the ratio of a circle to its diameter, etc).
Constants are relatively rare in behavioural sciences, although a variable can be held constant in a research study only by considering one of its values (e.g. Women in the case of gender).

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1
Q

What is a variable?

A

A variable is any attribute that can vary (e.g. Age, gender, self-esteem, air temp, etc).

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2
Q

Measures of variables are…

A

The data of quantitative research.

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3
Q

The 3 tenets in the scientific community are:

A

Theory
Empirical
Data

TED

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4
Q

Theory is a coherent system of…

A

Theory is a coherent system of logically consistent and interconnected ideas used to condense and organise knowledge.
(Neuman, 2011, p.9)

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5
Q

Empirical - refers to evidence or observations…

A

Empirical - refers to evidence or observations grounded in human sensory experience: touch, sight, hearing, smell, and taste.

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6
Q

Data - Forms of empirical evidence or information carefully collected according to …..

A

Data - Forms of empirical evidence or information carefully collected according to the rules or procedures of science.

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7
Q

What are the five ethical considerations Protecting the rights of participants?

A

I Respect for persons and their autonomy
II Do no harm eg no lengthy or arduous experiments
III Pursuit and promotion of justice
IV Establishment of trust with research participants
V Fostering of fidelity & scientific integrity.

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8
Q

RISK - BENEFIT balance of research must be gauged …. Apply the five principles for ethical guidelines recommended by Sales & Folkman…

What are these 5 Principles?

A
  1. Respect & autonomy
  2. Do no harm
  3. Pursuit & promotion of justice
  4. Establishment of trust.
  5. Fostering of fidelity & scientific integrity.
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9
Q

The scientific approach to research in psychology incorporates 4 steps:

A

Step 1 Conceptualise the problem
2 Collect the data
3 Draw conclusions & create or apply theory
4 Revise research conclusions & theory.

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10
Q

Research Involves five (5) Norms of the Scientific Community

A

CHUDOS

Communalism 
Honesty
Universalism
Disinterestedness - impartial
Organised Skepticism
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11
Q

CHUDOS?

A

COMMUNALISM: an onus on researchers to publish their work and findings … Standards of undertaking research - not wasting participants’ time.
HONESTY: Cultural norm that should be applied to research.
UNIVERSALISM: Attribution based solely on scientific merit ..following set plans.
DISINTERESTEDNESS: Scientists must be impartial…neutral.
ORGANISED SKEPTICISM: A standard where we want to challenge information from a position of academic inquiry.

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12
Q

Elaborative model of Research Process:

Neuman

A

Select topic - focus question - design study - collect data - analyse data - interpret data - inform others.

Cyclical in nature…. Theory drives each component.

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13
Q

The research process requires that a PRECISE research question be ascertained ….why?

A

Ascertain a precise research question and then you can test something in quantitative methods…. A Test that is doable!

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14
Q

Conceptualising the research problem… Involves a process of generating ideas and testing them.

A

The process
1) idea for research
2) look at the theory underlying the topic… The set of concepts and propositions intended to describe and explain
3) Theories generate the hypotheses
4) quantitative testing of the hypotheses
No 5 :)

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15
Q

Research annoyingly involves a scientific approach…

A

Both a system for PRODUCING knowledge and the KNOWLEDGE that RESULTS from that system.

This scientific knowledge is organised into theories and grounded in empirical data.

THEORY. DATA. EMPIRICAL ……TED…the three tenets.

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16
Q

What the @.#%@ is scientific literacy?

A

Scientific literacy is the capacity to
- understand scientific knowledge
- apply scientific concepts, principles and theories
- use scientific processes to solve problems
- make decisions and
- interact in a way that reflects core scientific values
Antonym = a lack of qualitative literacy INNUMERACY!

17
Q

Non-Scientific Production of Knowledge
Conclusions drawn form personal experience

SOPHF

A 
1- Selective observation
2- Overgeneralisation
3- Premature Closure
4- Halo Effect
5- False Consensus
18
Q

SOPHF

S Selective observation

A

Selective observation - take notice of special situations or events and then generalise from them. May occur due to unintentional bias. (Neuman, 2011, p.4)

19
Q

SOPHF

O Overgeneralisation

A

Overgeneralisation - occurs when we have evidence and believe it applies to many situations.

sOphf

20
Q

SOPHF

P Premature Closure

A

Premature Closure - occurs when we believe we have the answer and no longer need to listen.

21
Q

SOPHF

H Halo Effect

A

Halo Effect - Drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic.

22
Q

SOPHF: Non-Scientific production of knowledge.

F False Consensus

A

False Consensus - Greatly overestimate how much our views match those of others.

23
Q

Non-Scientific Production of Knowledge
Experts and Authority
Popular Media Messages
Ideological Beliefs and Values

A

Experts and authority…Someone in power says so - legitimate experts in a specific field may disagree.
E.g. Debate on global warming.

Popular Media Messages…Window into a distorted reality…average level of knowledge has increased but in reality most people run on nonfactual information- easy to google.

Road rage… Correlation with increased crashes and increased road rage… Is this just an increased focus by the press…need to test for this.

Ideological beliefs and values…“It’s the way things have always been”….eg that the world is flat.

24
Q

Non-Scientific Production of Knowledge

Can result in …

A

Pseudoscience - Pop psychology (unscientific)
Junk Science- term used to denigrate information from a perspective of PR
You are a member of the scientific community now– so your thesis or journal surely will be.

25
Q

Components of the application of a Scientific Approach

A

Scientific Method- collection of ideas, rules, techniques, approaches used by scientific community.
Scientific Attitude- strict conduct reporting research
Scientific Orientation- exact, rational, open-ended & flexible..open-mindedness.
Transformative Process- variety of methods used in research to assess hypotheses and research questions/assumptions.
Journal Articles- blind peer review.

26
Q

Specific Experimental Designs

A

SINGLE POINTS IN TIME
Cross sectional research
Observe a collection of people at a single point in time
May be exploratory, descriptive or explanatory, but most often descriptive.

27
Q

MULTIPLE POINTS IN TIME

Longitudinal

A

Panel/Longitudinal Research/ Panel Studies

Powerful research that collects data on exactly the same people, group, or organisation across several time points.

28
Q

MULTIPLE POINTS IN TIME

Time-series Research

A

Time-series research
Observe different people at multiple points in time.
You may view people across several decades to observe change over time.
E.g birth rates per 1,000 women in the US?

29
Q

MULTIPLE POINTS IN TIME

Cohort Study

A

Cohort Study
Observes people who share an experience at 2 or more times.
Unlike panel studies we do not have to follow the same group of people but are only interested in those who experience a similar event.

30
Q

What is the purpose of research?

A

The purpose of explanatory or experimental design research is to:

  • test hypotheses
  • elaborate or extend theory
  • support or refute theory
  • link specific situation to theory
  • determine which of several explanations is best.
31
Q

A QUANTITATIVE EXAMPLE

The Research Process

A
  1. Select a topic
  2. Focus the question
  3. Design the study
  4. Collect the data
  5. Analyse the data
  6. Interpret the data
  7. Inform others
    ….see details on lecture slide titled Monash Hons eg…
32
Q

Different designs in research

Descriptive research

A

Descriptive research

  • detailed, highly accurate picture
  • locate new data
  • create typology
  • clarify stages or process
  • document a causal process
  • report on background or context
# naturalistic observation - observing and recording behaviour in naturally occurring situations...eg a case study.
A well defined area.
33
Q

Different designs in research

Exploratory Research

A
  • familiar with basic facts
  • create a general picture
  • formulate a question for future research
  • generate new ideas for research
  • feasibility of future research
  • measurement development
    Researchers who conduct this form of research must be flexible, open index and be able to explore objectivity or as objectively as possible.
34
Q

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
The two most common approaches in research are:
Non- experimental or correlational designs (assess relationships among variables)
Experimental designs (attempt to assess cause and effect)
Flip over for Experimental Designs…

A

Experimental designs attempt to assess cause & effect.
We measure group differences on the effect variable (dependent variable DV) for groups of research participants treated differently on the hypothesised manipulated variable (independent variable, IV)

35
Q

What is the defining feature of EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN?

A

The defining feature of experimental design is that the researcher actively manipulates the IV.
TRUE experiments use randomly formed groups of participants.

Quasi- experiments use intact (i.e. pre-existing) groups.
See Hills (2011) p1-7 or thereabouts. :)
36
Q

What is a correlational design?

A

When one trait or behaviour accompanies another, we say the two correlate.
Value indicates strength of a relationship (0.00 to 1.00)
+ or - Value indicates direction of the relationship
(positive or negative)

correlation coefficient is a statistical measure of the relationship between two variables.

37
Q

Correlational Design

Direction

A

Direction
Positive correlation - variables are related in the same direction.
Negative correlation - variables are related in the opposite direction.
No cause and effect.

38
Q

Correlational design

Strength

A

Strength
Has nothing to do with direction.
Correlation coefficient ranges from 0 to 1.00
Closer to 1.00, the stronger the relationship between the variables.
Correlation does not prove equal causation!!!

39
Q

If you flip this card you will find the Correlation Coefficient - Range of the strength of relationship

A
  1. 00 - 0.09 = very low
  2. 10 - 0.29 = Low
  3. 30 - 0.49 = Moderate
  4. 50 - 0.69 = High
  5. 70 - 1.00 = Very High

z. Honours Stats Revision (23 decks)

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