Week 1- Growth and Development Flashcards
1
Q
Development is
A
A progressive increase in the function of the body
2
Q
Growth is
A
an increase in physical size, measured in meters and kg
3
Q
Maturation is the process of
A
growth and development both physically and mentally that occurs naturally as a person ages
4
Q
2 growth patterns for infants
A
Cephalocaudal from head down (brain and eys goes faster)
Proximodistal from center of the body of head
5
Q
progress of baby development
A
hold head up, lift torso up, sit up, stand up
6
Q
development happens alongside
A
growth
7
Q
Infancy stage characteristics
infants ___ birth weight by
A
Rapid physical growth and cognitive development
infant double their birth weight by 5 months
8
Q
Toddlerhood stage characteristics
A
motor skills improve dramatically
learn to walk, run and manipulate objects with increased dexterity
9
Q
early childhood
growth_____
develop ______ and _______
A
growth slows but steadies
develop language skills and social awareness
10
Q
factors influencing child growth
4
A
Genetics (child’s genetic makeup significantly influence their growth potential and physical characteristics)
Nutrition (proper nutrition is crucial for healthy growth. deficiencies can lead to stunted growth or development)
Physical environment (factors living conditions, exposure to toxins, and stress can impact a child’s growth
Health status
(chronic illnesses or recurrent infections may effect a child’s growth and development
11
Q
height is measured in
A
cm or inches
plotted on a chart to track vertical growth
11
Q
Introduction to growth charts
A
They help healthcare providers track growth patterns and identify potential issues early.
compare to other children in the world
12
Q
weight
A
recorded in kg or pounds. helps assess overall growth and nutrition status
13
Q
head circumference
A
Important in infancy.
Indicates brain growth and development
14
Q
growth chart components
A
- Age
- Gender
- the 50th percentile is the average for any given age
15
Q
most children are in which percentile
A
5-95% the norm
16
Q
Under __% or over __% is bad
A
5
95
17
Q
percentiles
A
Growth charts use percentiles to compare a child’s measurements to those of other children.
The 50th percentile represents the average.
18
Q
growth curve
A
These lines show expected growth patterns.
A child’s growth should generally follow a consistent curve over time
19
Q
red flags
A
Sudden changes in percentiles or crossing multiple percentile lines may indicate health issues requiring further investigation.
20
Q
Physical milestones in child development include
A
Includes gross and fine motor skills development.
Examples: rolling over, crawling, walking, and grasping objects
21
Q
cognitive milestones in child development involves
A
Involves thinking, learning, and problem-solving abilities. Examples: recognizing shapes, understanding cause-effect relationships.
22
Q
Social emotional milestones in child development encompasses
A
Encompasses relationship-building and emotion management. Examples: smiling, recognizing caregivers, sharing with peers.
23
Q
Language milestones in child development
A
Covers communication skills development. Examples: babbling, first words, forming sentences.
24
Differences in adult vs kids
CVS:
Resp:
Metabolism:
Immune system:
renal system:
water content:
- increase HR
- increase RR, narrower airways, less alveoli, consolidate much faster, pneumonia can become bad fast
- higher metabolism, growing fast, using lots of oxygen
- some passive immunity from mom but only last a couple months, under practiced immune system
- kidneys dont concentrate urine effectively, not really mature until 2 or older, give med excreted by the kidneys then will not excrete as quickly
- higher water content
25
Developmental Stages/Ages
Neonatal –
Infant –
Toddler –
Preschool –
School age –
Adolescent –
Adult –
Neonatal – birth to 28 days
Infant – first year
Toddler – 1 to 3 years
Preschool – 3 to 5 years
School age – 6 to 12 years
Adolescent – 13 to 16 or 18 years
Adult – 18 years and older
26
major development milestones of infants
2-3 mo
6 mo
8 mo
10-12 mo
2-3 months: lifting head, lifting chin, elevate with arms
6 mo: babbling, cuing, can sit usually on their own but holding hands up, usually give solids here
8 months: pull to stand
10-12 months: walk
27
Erikson theory
- inter-relationship existing between emotional and physical variables during one’s lifetime
28
Erikson for infant stage
| what is needed for success here
- trust vs mistrust
- It is in this initial stage of development that children learn whether or not they can trust the world.
- The care they receive from their parents and other adults is critical to the formation of this trust.
29
Erikson toddler
autonomy vs shame (toddler)
toddler starts to assert their independence.
They realize that they can do some things by themselves and they insist on those things
30
erikson preschool age
initiative vs guilt
- Through both interacting with others socially and through play, child develops self-confidence and learns to enjoy having a sense of purpose,
31
Erikson school age
Industry vs. inferiority (school aged)-
- they may start comparing themselves to others, if the child succeeds they feel industrious, if child has repeated negative experiences they may develop feelings of inferiority
32
adolescence Erikson
Identity vs. confusion (adolescence)-
- child faces the challenge of developing a sense of self, self worth by examining their beliefs, goals, and values
33
Piaget (1896-1980)
believed that children progress through stages of cognitive development in a fixed order, influenced by:
Maturation (biological growth)
Interaction with the physical environment
Social interactions
Internal mental processes adapting to new experiences (like assimilation and accommodation)
34
Four stages in Piaget theory
Four stages - simple thinking to complex thinking
0-2 Sensorimotor
2-7 Preoperational
7-11 Concrete Operational
12-15 Formal Operational
35
Kohlberg Theory
moral reasoning
stage 1: preconventional
stage 2: conventional
Stage 3: post conventional
36
Stage 1 kohlberg
Obedience and Punishment Orientation.
- The child/individual is good in order to avoid being punished. If a person is punished, they must have done wrong
37
* Stage 2 Kohlberg
* Stage 2. Individualism and Exchange. At this stage children recognize that there is not just one right view that is handed down by the authorities. Different individuals have different viewpoints.
38
7-12 kohlberg
Conventional-Interpersonal accord and conformity (Social norms). Follow authority and social-order
39
12-21 Kohlberg
Post Conventional-abstract reasoning as people attempt to explain specific behaviors and apply universal ethical principles (personal values)
40
other factors influencing development
| 2
resiliency: coping/adaptation
temperament: irritability/sociability/persistence
41
nurses role in care of infants
- promoting nutrition
- progression to solid foods (promoting healthy eating habits)
- teaching newborn care
42
components of teaching newborn care
| 3
Promoting healthy sleep and rest
Promoting healthy teeth and gums
Addressing childcare needs and common developmental concerns
43
what nutrients do infants need
- vit d (low supply in breastmilk), helps absorb iron
- natural sources of sugar after 6 mo
- fats (growth and brain development)
- Zinc (reproductive organs)
44
how to promote healthy teeth and gums
clean gums with cloth
shouldn’t go to bed with a bottle, milk sits on gums then get cavities before teeth come out.
45
nurses role in caring for a toddler
| S S D D N
Safety Promotion/Anticipatory guidance
Sleep and Rest
Dental Health
Nutritional Health
Discussing Appropriate Methods of Discipline
Support, Encouragement and Education
46
toddlers have no
taste discrimination
can eat poison
safety is huge in this stage
47
Nurses Role in Care of Preschooler
Appropriate Play
Reading
Proper nutrition (obesity prevention, healthy food)
Sleep
Anticipatory Guidance
consistency is really important in this stage and give them choice
48
Role of Nurse in Care of School-Aged Child
Prone to Injury/Injury Prevention
Nutritional Requirements
Anticipatory Guidance
Will get hurt more, because of decreased parental supervision
49
role of nurse in care of adolescent
Communication/Relationships
Importance of peers
Safety Promotion
Nutrition
Sexuality
50
how to handle tantrum
- ignore but make sure child is safe
- can restrain if need to do something (Papose)
51
what are child health indicators
examples
| 7
Quantifiable characteristics in a population that tells us what children are at risk and why
- Size: height and weight
- Nutritional status
- Genetic risk factors
- Socioeconomic status
- Immunization status
- Mental health
- Environment
52
#1 cause of death up until 35
unintentional injuries
53
number one cause of injury and death in infants
suffocation
54
leading cause of injury hospitalization for all ages
falls
55
What is anticipatory guidance
providing guidance to parents on the risks so they can prevent injury or harm in the future
Information that helps families prepare for unexpected physical and behavioral changes during their child’s or teen’s current and approaching stage of development
56
developmental stages and risks 0-1 years
developmental factor
*Reflexive movements
*Lack of body control
*Reaches, mouths objects
*Becomes mobile
*Poor balance
*Limited ability to obey verbal instructions
risk of injury
*Can wiggle off surfaces
*Can choke, burn, scald, poison, get electric shock
*Cannot rely on verbal commands *
57
Developmental Stages and Risks 5-14 years
| risks for injury (5)
Developmental Factors
↑ independence
Less Concrete thinking
↑ developing abstract thinking (cause and effect)
↑ understanding of relationship between things
↑ new environments, sports, rec activities
Risk for injury
*Falls – playground
*More dangerous activities – climbing, running
*Understand specific risks, may not generalize
*Learn safety practices best through direct experience
*Sport injuries increase – fractures, head injuries
58
concrete thinking
all about the here and now…don’t’ think about an object once it is gone. Believe you when you say “I’ve got your nose”. See a physical object and just think about what is in front of them
59
abstract thinking
what sets humans apart from most other animals – think about how the object in front of you works, philosophies, principles etc – can reason and understand body language, etc.
59
signs of physical distress
| 5
fidgeting
ignoring you
saying no
not sleeeping well
change in appetite
stomachache
nauseas
pain
HA
constipation and dehydration
60
emotional signs of stress
Fear
anxiety
potential for pain
angry
sad
crying
grieving disruption on life
frustrated
anger
sadness
61
Behavioral signs of distress
- act out
- lie
- hit
- kick or bite
62
4 Nursing Interventions to Support Children and Families
1- build trust: age appropriate language, explain procedures in simple terms
2- offer choices: give control over care,
3- promote play:
4- support families
63
infant 0-12 month fears
| 4
- Loss of support
- Loud noises
- Bright lights
- Sudden movements
- As they get older – strangers, separation anxiety, animals
64
stranger anxiety begins at
6 months
65
how to provide comfort to infants
Use soft touch
Soft higher pitch tones
Distraction
Cuddle (firm but confident)
Musical
Pat/rub
66
Toddler/preschool fears
- Separation from parents
- The dark
- Loud or sudden noises
- Injury (preschoolers with beginning fear of death)
- Strangers
- Certain persons and situations – supernatural beings (clowns)
- Animals
- Large objects and machines
- Change in environment
67
what might provide comfort to a toddler/preschooler fears
- A favorite blanket
- A favorite stuffed animal
- A familiar object may provide some comfort
- Integrate toddler’s own words into the explanation
- Explain procedure immediately before they are carried out
68
tips with toddlers
- Reassure the child that nothing he did caused the illness.
- Avoid threatening tests or procedures as a punishment, this can cause a later avoidance of seeking medical care or not admitting discomfort for fear of additional pain.
- Participate in pre-hospital visit, when possible.
- Read books about visiting the hospital. Include the child in his or her care
- Explain the procedure 1-2 hours before carried out (small procedures)/ 1 day per age for larger procedures (surgery)
- Utilize dolls, play and storytelling to explain procedures
69
school aged fears
| 8
Supernatural being
Storms
The dark
Staying alone/separation from parents
TV/movies
Injury/death
Tests
Failure
70
adolescent fears
| I S S D D C G P P P
Inept social performance
Social isolation
Sexuality
Drugs
Divorce
Crowds
Gossip
Public speaking
Plane and car crashes
Pain
71
Strategies to enhance communication with children
- Recognize cognitive/emotional developmental stage
- Use age-appropriate vocabulary
- When age-appropriate, communicate “through” puppets or dolls
- Communicate from eye level position
- Quiet, unhurried, and confident voice
- Be honest
- Give choices only when one exits
72
developmental milestones for 12 month old
walking
language
fine motor
gross motor
cognitive
social anxiety
ply
receptive language
Walking: Stand and begin to walk
Language: mama, dada few other small words
Fine motor: pincer grasp
Cognitive: object permeance
Social anxiety: wave goodbye, separation anxiety
Gross motor: stand without holding on to something, squat to pick up toys
Play: simple and pretend play
Receptive language: understand simple commands, respond to their name
73
Explain the concept of "stranger anxiety" and at what age it typically occurs
- scared of others
6-8 months
shows cognitive development
74
common safety concerns for toddlers and how nurses can educate parents to prevent accidents.
| 8
choking: cut things up small, supervise while eating
poisoning: keep products out of reach
falls: nonslip mats, gates
drowning: always stay near children
burns: protect ovens and outlets
strangulation: keep cords out of the way
injury from furniture or appliances: secure them properly
vehicle safety: secure care seats rear facing for up to 2 years
75
strategies nurses can use to communicate effectively with adolescents during health assessments.
- Privacy and confidentiality
- Open ended questions
- Avoid judgemental language
- Explain purpose and importance of each part of the assessment
76
when do anterior and posterior fontanelles close
post 2 months
ant 7-18 months
