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MED-108 Organic Chemistry > week 1 - functional groups > Flashcards

week 1 - functional groups Flashcards

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1
Q

what do chemical properties depend on?

A

the presence of specific structural features (functional groups)

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2
Q

what is a functional group?

A

a specific formation of atoms that has a characteristic chemical behavior in every molecule where it occurs

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3
Q

functional groups fall under 3 different categories; what are they?

A
  1. functional groups with carbon-carbon multiple bonds (double/triple)
  2. functional groups with carbon bonded to a highly electronegative atom
  3. functional groups with a carbon-oxygen double bond (carbonyl groups)
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4
Q

what are the classes of compounds falling under the category of carbon-carbon multiple bonds?

A
  • alkenes: carbon-carbon double bond
  • alkynes: carbon-carbon triple bond
  • arenes: aromatic alkenes
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5
Q

what are the examples of functional groups with carbon bonded to a highly electronegative atom?

A
  • alkyl halides
  • alcohols
  • ethers
  • phosphates
  • amines
  • thiols
  • sulfides
  • disulfides
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6
Q

what are the examples of functional groups with a carbon-oxygen double bonds?

A
  • aldehyde
  • ketone
  • carboxylic acid
  • ester
  • amide
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7
Q

what are alkyl halides?

A
  • an alkyl group (alkane with one less hydrogen) that contains a halogen
  • ex: F, Cl, Br, I
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8
Q

what is an alcohol?

A

carbon - single bond - hydroxyl group (-OH)

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9
Q

what is an ether?

A

an oxygen atom single-bonded to two carbon atoms

C - O - C

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10
Q

what is a phosphate?

A

a phosphorus atom bonded to 4 oxygen atoms (one bonded to carbon)

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11
Q

what is a thiol?

A
  • a compound containing the structure R−SH, in which an alkyl group (R) is attached to a sulfhydryl group (SH)
  • similar to an alcohol but with sulfur rather than oxygen
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12
Q

what are sulfides and disulfides?

A
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13
Q

what is an amine group?

A

a functional group with a nitrogen atom having a lone pair

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14
Q

what are the amine functional groups for primary, secondary, and tertiary amines?

A
  • primary: R-N-H2 (1˚ amine)
  • secondary: R-R-N-H (2˚ amine)
  • tertiary: R-R-R-N (3˚ amine)
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15
Q

what is an aldehyde?

A
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16
Q

what is a ketone?

A
17
Q

what is a carboxylic acid group?

A
18
Q

what is an ester?

A
19
Q

what is an amide group?

A
  • an amine group with a carbonyl group (C=O)
20
Q

what are the sulfur containing groups?

A
  • thiols: R - SH
  • sulfides: R - S - R
  • disulfides: R - S - S - R
21
Q

what is BME (beta-mercaptoethanol)? what is its use?

A

it is an alkanethiol used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds

22
Q

what is the difference between ether and ester functional groups?

A

ester has a carbonyl group (C=O) attached to C-O-C, while ether only has C-O-C

23
Q

what type of molecules are fully saturated?

A

alkanes

24
Q

what is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

25
Q

what is the naming process for an alkane?

A

prefix + ane
ex: methane, ethane, etc

26
Q

what are the different ways to present an alkane structure?

A

(1) molecular formula: C2H6
(2) displayed formula (Lewis or Kekulé)
(3) structural formula (condensed): CH3CH2CH3
(4) skeletal formula

27
Q

what is the difference between displayed (kekule) and structural formulas?

A

displayed shows bonds but structural doesn’t

28
Q

what is the naming process for an alkane with branches?

A
  • step 1: find the longest continuous carbon chain in the molecule = core of the naming
  • step 2: number the Cs on the longest chain
  • step 3: the branches should be on the lowest possible number
29
Q

branched alkanes are made of alkyl groups, what are they?

A

alkyl groups are alkanes missing a hydrogen

30
Q

what are the alkyl groups of one, two, three, and four carbons?

A

1 carbon: methyl group (CH3–)

2 carbons: ethyl group (CH3-CH2–)

3 carbons:
- propyl (or n-propyl) group: (CH3-CH2-CH2–) (straight chain)
- isopropyl group: (CH3-CH^CH3–)

31
Q

what are the alkyl groups of four carbons (butane)?

A

butyl (or n-butyl) group:
- straight chain
- (CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2–)

isobutyl group:
- where a C is bonded to 3 other Cs
- (different from tert-butyl as the 3 Cs do not necessarily need to be methyl groups)

sec-butyl:
- bonded to a C that is bonded to another 2 Cs

tert-butyl:
- bonded to a C that is bonded to another 3 Cs

MED-108 Organic Chemistry (7 decks)

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