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Immunology > Week 1 - Elements of the Immune System > Flashcards

Week 1 - Elements of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunology?

A

The study of the mechanisms that the body uses to defend against invading organisms and foreign substances in our environment

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2
Q

What is the immune system?

A

The body’s defense system that is made of tissues, cells, and molecules that fight against infectious agents

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3
Q

What is immunity?

A

The state of protection against foreign pathogens or substances

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4
Q

What are the major attributes of the immune system?

A
  1. It has the ability to distinguish self and non-self molecules
  2. There are 3 major lines of defenses
  3. It was the ability to generate immunologic memory
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5
Q

How does your distinguish self from non-self molecules?

A

Immune cells have inherited receptors to can recognize

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6
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

The process by which pathogens induce disease

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7
Q

What are the 4 major categories of pathogens?

A
  1. Viruses
  2. Fungi
  3. Parasites
  4. Bacteria
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8
Q

What are the immune system’s layers of defense?

A
  1. Anatomical and physiological barriers
  2. Innate immune system
  3. Adaptive immune system
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9
Q

What are the non-specific defenses?

A
  1. Anatomical and physiological barriers
  2. Innate immune system
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10
Q

What are the specific defenses?

A

Adaptive immune system

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11
Q

What are examples of Anatomical and physiological barriers?

A
  1. Mechanical
  2. Chemical
  3. Microbiological
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12
Q

What are examples of innate immune system defenses?

A
  1. Phagocytic cells
  2. Complement
  3. Pattern recognition receptors
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13
Q

What are examples of adaptive immune system defenses?

A

Lymphocytes

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14
Q

What is the first line of defense?

A

Physiological barriers (Skin)

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15
Q

What comprises of the physiological barrier?

A

Intact skin and mucous membranes (mechanical barriers) providing physical separation

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16
Q

How does skin provide defense?

A

Forms a dry, watertight barrier of epithelium protected by keratinized cells

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17
Q

How does sweat and sebum provide protection?

A

Secrete antimicrobial peptides

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18
Q

What are antimicrobial peptides secreted by sweat and sebum?

A
  1. a and b-defensins
  2. cathelicidin
  3. lysozyme
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19
Q

What are commensal microbes?

A

Produces fatty acid that inhibits colonization by other microbes

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20
Q

Where are mucosal surfaces located?

A

Epithelia surfaces lining the respiratory, GI, and urogenital tract

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21
Q

What are the components of mucus?

A
  1. Glycoproteins
  2. Proteoglycans
  3. Enzymes
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22
Q

What is the defensive the function for mucus?

A

Contains
1. Glycoproteins
2. Proteoglycans
3. Enzymes
that protect surfaces against damage and infection

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23
Q

What is the defensive the function for tears and saliva?

A

Contains lysozymes that kill bacteria by breaking down their cell walls

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24
Q

What are physiological barriers of the respiratory tract?

A
  1. Nose hairs
  2. Cilia
  3. Mucous
  4. Microcidal molecules
  5. Commensal microbes
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25
Q

What are physiological barriers of the GI tract?

A
  1. pH of the stomach (1-3)
  2. Mucus
  3. Enzymes
  4. Microcidal molecules
  5. Commensal microbes
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26
Q

What are the physiological barriers of the UGT?

A
  1. pH 4.4
  2. Mucous
  3. Microcidal molecules
  4. Fluid pressure
  5. Commensal moicrobes
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27
Q

Why should the stomach, vagina, and skin maintain an acidic environment?

A

Deters microorganism growth

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28
Q

What is a microbiome?

A

Numerous commensal microorganisms inhabit healthy human bodies

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29
Q

What is purpose of a microbiome?

A

To protect our body against pathogens

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30
Q

What is the ratio of human to microorganisms?

A

1:1

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31
Q

Where is microbiota found in the body?

A
  1. Gut
  2. Skin
  3. Mouth
  4. Vagina
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32
Q

What are the functions of commensal bacteria?

A
  1. Help digest food in gut
  2. Make vitamins (B12, K, biotin, folic acid)
  3. Help protect against colonization by disease-causing microorganism
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33
Q

What is commensal bacteria?

A

Major component of gut flora E.coli that recreates antibacterial proteins colicins that prevent other bacteria from colonizing the gut

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34
Q

What are opportunistic pathogens?

A

Takes advantage of the body’s weakened defenses or when microbes get into the wrong place

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35
Q

How can antibiotics disrupt the ecology of the colon?

A
  1. Colon contains large number of commensal bacteria
  2. Antibiotics kill many of the commensal bacteria
  3. Opportunistic pathogens produce toxins causing microbial injury
  4. Red and white BC leak into gut between injured epithelial cells
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36
Q

What is an example of a disease-causing bacteria that establishes in the gut and can lead to death?

A

Clostridium difficile

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37
Q

What are the routes pathogens can enter the body to evoke an innate immune response?

A
  1. Oral
  2. Mechanical
  3. Inhalation
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38
Q

What are the characteristics of an innate response?

A
  1. Non-specific and quick
  2. Leads to inflammation serving to keep infections localized to site of entry and is controlled and terminated
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39
Q

What is the process of innate immune response?

A
  1. Bacterial cell surface induces cleavage and activation of complement
  2. One complement fragment covalently bonds to the bacterium, the other attracts an effector cell
  3. The complement receptor on effector cell binds to the complement fragment on the bacterium
  4. The effector cell engulfs the bacterium, kills it, and breaks down
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40
Q

What orchestrates adaptive immunity?

A

Lymphocytes

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41
Q

How do lymphocytes play a role in adaptive immunity?

A
  1. Adapt their responses to the invading pathogen
  2. Recognizes specific pathogens using surface receptors
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42
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Lymphocytes that make the receptor specific for a specific region on the pathogen

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43
Q

What is the difference between immunological memory and vaccines?

A

IM: Lymphocytes are clonal selected to evoke a long or short response
V: Induce IM evoking a fast and strong immune response

44
Q

What is primary immune response?

A
  1. First exposure of pathogen
  2. Memore lymphocytes are left behind after pathogen is cleared
45
Q

What is secondary immune response?

A
  1. Subsequent exposure to the same pathogen
  2. Re-stimulates the memory lymphocytes
  3. Reactivation causes a faster, stronger, and better response
46
Q

Compare the response time of innate and adaptive?

A

I: Minute to hrs
A: Days

47
Q

Compare the specificity of innate and adaptive?

A

I: limited and fixed
A: Highly diverse, improve during immune response

48
Q

Compare the response to repeat infection of innate and adaptive?

A

I: Same each time
A: more rapid and effective

49
Q

Compare the major components of innate and adaptive?

A

I: Barriers, phagocytes, pattern recognition molecules
A: T and B cells, antigen specific receptors, antibodies

50
Q

What is necessary to clear an infection?

A

Both innate and adaptive immune responses

51
Q

What are hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)?

A

RBC derived from pluripotent bone marrow stem cells

52
Q

What are the classifications of leukocytes and what is the immunity associated with the two?

A
  1. Myeloid (innate)
  2. Lymphoid (acquired)
53
Q

What are the major types of progenitors?

A
  1. Common myeloid progenitor (CMP) cells
  2. Common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) cells
54
Q

What are examples of antigen-presenting cells (APC)?

A

Monocytes/macrophages, dendrite cells, and B cells

55
Q

What are the types of common myeloid progenitors?

A
  1. Erythrocytes (RBC)
  2. Megakaryocytes
  3. Monocytes
  4. Granulocytes
56
Q

What are megakaryocytes?

A

Form platelets, cell fragments placed into circulation for clotting

57
Q

What are the types of granulocytes?

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophil
  3. Basophil/Mast cells
58
Q

What is the difference between basil and mast cells?

A

Baso: Found in blood
Mast: Found in tissues

59
Q

Where are monocytes found?

A

Circulated in the blood (short lived 1-2 days)

60
Q

What does monocytes serve as a precursor to?

A

Macrophages: monocytes migrates into tissues
Dendritic cells: predominately in portals of microbial entry (mucosal surfaces)

61
Q

What is the function go macrophages?

A
  1. Phagocytes that function to repair/remodel, destroy pathogens, present antigens (Long lived - months)
  2. Activation of T cells and initiation of immune responses
62
Q

What is the function of dendritic cells?

A
  1. High degree of function to ingest particles and cells by phagocytosis and present their antigens to lymphocytes
  2. Activation of T cells and initiation of immune responses
63
Q

What is the function of neutrophil?

A

Phagocytosis and killing microbes

64
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

Killing antibody-coated parasites through release of granule contents

65
Q

What is the function of basophil?

A

Controlling immune responses to parasites

66
Q

What is the function of mast cells?

A

Release of granules containing histamine and active agents

67
Q

What is most abundant leukocyte of innate immunity?

A

Neutrophils

68
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

The transient increase in neutrophil numbers and used as an indicator of an infection

69
Q

How does neutrophils evoke an immune response?

A
  1. Move into tissues by extravasation
  2. Secrete chemotactic factors that promote accumulation of neutrophils at an inflammatory site
  3. Engulfs a variety of microbes by phagocytosis and destroy them with substances in their granules
  4. Short-lived and dies after ingesting microbes
70
Q

Where do dead neutrophils go?

A

Phagocytized by long-lived macrophages

71
Q

What are where are macrophages in tissues?

A
  1. Intestinal
  2. Alveolar (lung)
  3. Histiocytes (connective tissue)
  4. Kupffer (liver)
  5. Mesangial (kidney)
  6. Microglial (brain)
  7. Osteoclasts (bone)
72
Q

What are the types of common lymphoid progenitor?

A
  1. B cell
  2. T cells (thymocyte)
  3. NK cell
73
Q

What is a B cell?

A

Immunoglobulins that serve as a cell surface receptors

74
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

Differentiated effector B cells that secrete antibodies

75
Q

What are NK cells?

A

Granular non-phagocytic lymphocytes that are effective against viral infections and malignant cells

76
Q

How are B and T cells recognized?

A

Antigen receptors

77
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Soluble Ig’s secreted by plasma cells

78
Q

How are antigens recognized by B and T cells?

A

Antigen presenting cells

79
Q

Where is the binding site of an antigen located?

A

The surface Ig or TCR

80
Q

How many antigens are specific to each BCR and TCR?

A

One

81
Q

What do B cells differentiate to?

A

plasma cells secreting antibodies

82
Q

What do lymphocytes differentiate into?

A

Effector cells

83
Q

What do T cells differentiate into?

A

types of effector T cells on various conditions

84
Q

What do NK cells differentiate into?

A

They don’t have a specific antigen receptor and act similar to cells involved in an innate immune response

85
Q

What are the primary lymphoid tissues?

A

Thymus and bone marrow

86
Q

Where do B and T cells originate from?

A

common lymphoid progenitor in the bone marrow

87
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus

88
Q

Where do B cells mature

A

Bone marrow

89
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid tissues?

A
  1. Spleen
  2. Lymph nodes
  3. Peyers patches
  4. Appendix
  5. Tonsils
90
Q

What is the purpose of secondary lymphoid tissues?

A

Where lymphocytes are stimulated and respond to invading pathogens

91
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

Collect plasma that leak through blood vessels and return the fluid back to the blood as lymph

92
Q

What does lymph movement depend on?

A

Body movement

93
Q

What causes edemas?

A

Lack of movement for longer periods of time

94
Q

What routes move lymphocytes throughout the body?

A

Blood and lymph

95
Q

Describe the route of lymphocyte movement?

A
  1. Lymphocytes leave primary lymphoid tissues and travel through the blood to the lymph or secondary lymphoid tissue.
  2. If they come into contact with a pathogen and become activated, they remain in the lymph node.
  3. Lymphocytes continuously move from the blood to the lymph back to the blood.
  4. Allows for continuous surveillance of the secondary lymphoid tissues for signs of infection.
96
Q

What is a draining lymph node?

A

A lymph node that receives fluid from an infected site

97
Q

What is movement of the lymph?

A

Infected tissue -> afferent lymphatic vessel -> macrophages filter out pathogens _> DC’s activate lymphocytes -> lymphocytes proliferate -> lymph node swells

98
Q

Describe the activation of adaptive immunity in draining lymph node?

A
  1. Pathogens, pathogen components, and DC’s carrying pathogens leave site of infection and enter the afferent lymphatic vessel of draining lymph node.
  2. Macrophages engulf bacteria
  3. DC’s travel to T cell area and activate T cells
  4. Effector T cells leave the LN and travel to site of infection through the lymph and blood
  5. B cells differentiate into plasma cells and secrete pathogen specific antibodies
  6. Antibodies also travel to the site of the infection and to the blood.
  7. Some plasma cells will also leave by the efferent lymphatic vessel and travel to the site of infection to continue secreting antibodies.
99
Q

What is responsible for filtering blood?

A

Spleen

100
Q

What is the function of the spleen in regards to pathogens?

A
  1. responds to blood borne pathogens to prevent systemic infection
  2. Microbes in the blood are phagocytized by macrophages and DC’s
  3. APC’s stimulate B and T cells located in white pulp
101
Q

What enters and leaves the spleen though blood?

A

All cells and pathogens

102
Q

What are the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT)?

A
  1. Tonsils
  2. Adenoids
  3. Appendix
  4. Peyer’s patches
103
Q

What are the bronchial-associated lymphoid tissues (BALT)?

A

Secondary lymphoid tissues associated with respiratory epithelium

104
Q

What are the mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)?

A

Similar to lymph nodes as they trap pathogens and allow lymphocytes to interact with pathogens and become activated

105
Q

What is the disadvantage of mucosal surfaces of the gut and lungs?

A

Increased vulnerability to infection

106
Q

Where is high concentration of secondary lymphoid tissue found?

A

Gut

Immunology (17 decks)

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