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BLG 600 - Physiology > WEEK 1 - Directional Terms and Tissues > Flashcards

WEEK 1 - Directional Terms and Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

homeostasis

A

the maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in the environment, readjusting as needed

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2
Q

3 components of homeostatic regulation

A
  1. receptor
  2. control center
  3. effector
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3
Q

receptor

A

receives the information that something in the environment is changing

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4
Q

control center

A

receives and processes the information from the receptor through an afferent pathway (arrives to the brain)

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5
Q

effector

A

responds to the commands of the control center by either opposing (negative feedback) or enhancing (positive feedback) the stimulus through an efferent pathway (exits the brain)

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6
Q

negative feedback loop

A

a feedback mechanism resulting in the inhibition/slowing down of a process
- stimulus is not allowed to operate or continue as it did before the receptor sensed it

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7
Q

positive feedback loop

A

a feedback mechanism resulting in the amplification/growth of the output signal
- found in processes that need to be pushed to completion, not when it needs to be maintained

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7
Q

positive feedback childbirth example

A
  • baby’s head presses on the cervix
  • activates neurons through the afferent pathway
  • neurons impulses from the cervix are transmitted to the brain where it enters the control center
  • brain stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete oxytocin through an efferent pathway
  • oxytocin increases uterine contractions, thus pressure on the cervix
  • positive feedback loop continues until the baby is born
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8
Q

homeostatic imbalance leads to

A

a disturbance of homeostasis increases the risk of disease
- contributes to changes associated with aging as the control systems become less efficient

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9
Q

orientation of the human body

A

the anatomical position is used to describe anatomical planes or sections and directional terms:
- provides a universal, consistent way of discussing anatomy
- creates a clear reference point when describing anatomical positions

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10
Q

standard anatomical position

A
  • standing upright
  • head and eyes directed straight ahead
  • upper limbs handing down at the sides
  • upper limbs slightly away from the trunk
  • palms facing forward
  • thumbs pointing away from the body
  • lower limbs together
  • feet are flat on the ground and facing forward
  • right and left sides of the body are referred as the patient’s right and left side
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11
Q

3 body planes

A

SCT
- sagittal plane (vertical)
- coronal plane (vertical)
- transverse plane (horizontal)

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12
Q

sagittal plane (sides)

A
  • line from top to bottom, front to back
  • divides the body into a right and a left section
  • midsagittal plane: divides the body into equal left and right portions through the midline of the body
  • parasagittal: any sagittal planes off-center form the midline into unequal portions of the body fr
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13
Q

coronal (frontal) plane (front view)

A
  • line from top to bottom, right to left
  • divides the body into a front (anterior) and a back (posterior) section
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14
Q

transverse plane (top view)

A
  • runs from right to left, and front to back
  • divides the body into a top (superior) and a bottom (inferior) section
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15
Q

5 directional terms (pairs)

A
  • medial vs lateral
  • superior (cranial) vs inferior (caudal)
  • anterior (ventral) vs posterior (dorsal)
  • proximal vs distal
  • superficial (external) vs deep (internal)
16
Q

medial and lateral

A

medial: toward the midline of the body
lateral: toward the outer side of the body

medial = middle
lateral = lats

17
Q

superior (cranial) and inferior (caudal)

A

superior: toward the head, above
inferior: away from the head, below

cranial = brain, above
caudal = tail = away from head, below

18
Q

anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal)

A

anterior: toward the front of the body
posterior: toward the back of the body

ventral = venting (from the mouth which is at the front of the body)
dorsal = dumptruck (which is at the back of the body)

19
Q

proximal and distal

A

proximal: toward the point of attachment
distal: farther from the point of attachment

20
Q

superficial (external) and deep (internal)

A

superficial: toward the surface of the body
deep: away from the surface of the body

superficial = surface

21
Q

2 major body divisions

A
  1. axial: head, neck, thorax
  2. appendicular: upper and lower limbs
22
Q

body cavities

A
  • a space or compartment in the body that houses organs and structures
    1. dorsal cavity
    2. ventral cavity
23
Q

dorsal body cavity

A
  • a cavity in the back of the body that protects the fragile nervous system
    1. cranial cavity
    2. spinal cavity
24
Q

cranial and vertebral/spinal cavity

A

cranial: houses the brain
vertebral: houses the spinal cord

25
Q

ventral body cavity

A
  • a cavity in the front of the body that houses the internal organs (viscera)
    1. thoracic cavity
    2. abdominopelvic cavity
26
Q

thoracic cavity

A
  • houses the heart and lungs and further divides into:
    1. superior mediastinum (mid sternum)
    2. pleural cavity (lungs)
    3. pericardial cavity within the mediastinum (surrounds the heart)
27
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

further divides into:

abdominal cavity
- houses digestive viscera (internal organs)

pelvic cavity
contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

note: there is no physical separation between the abdominal and pelvic cavity

28
Q

tissues

A
  • a group of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common function

4 types:
- epithelial
- muscle
- nervous
- connective

29
Q

epithelial tissue

A

classification based on the number of cell layers: simple (one layer) and stratified (lots of layers)

classification based on cell shape: squamous (flat), cuboidal, and columnar

  1. polarity
    - apical: borders open space/faces the front
    - basal: next to the underlying connective tissue/faces the inside
  2. specialised junctions
    a. tight junctions: keeps things together, prevents molecules form passing between cells and forms a continuous seal around the cells
    - made by interlocking junctional proteins

b. desmosomes: anchoring junctions bind adjacent cells together and help keep things from tearing apart
cadherins: zips cells together

c. gap junctions: communicating junctions that allow ions and small molecules to pass from cell to cell, particularly important in heart cells
- channel between cells that are formed by connexons

  1. supported by, and sits on connective tissues
  2. avascular, but innervated (no blood vessels, just nerve endings
  3. regenerates stem cells + mitosis
30
Q

muscle tissue

A
  • highly vascularised, function involves movement

skeletal muscle tissue
- attached to bones, striated (stripes due to filaments), multi-nucleated

cardiac muscle tissue
- involuntary muscle, striated, uni-nucleated

smooth muscle tissue
- in walls of hollow organs (digestive, urinary, uterus, blood vessels) except heart, involuntary, not striated, uni-nucleated, and spindle-shaped cells

31
Q

nervous tissue

A
  • controls and regulates the brain, spinal cord, nerves
    made up of:
  • neurons: respond and transmits to stimuli
  • supporting cells: non-conducting, support, insulate and protects neutrons

a. astrocyte
b. oligodendrocyte

32
Q

connective tissue

A
  • most abundant
  • role: support, protect, and bind other tissues together
  • has a living and non-living component: has an extracellular matrix
    4 main classes: connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone and blood

CT has 3 components substance
1. ground substance: interstitial fluid (water around cells), cell adhesion proteins, proteoglycans
2. fibres: collagen, elastic, and reticular
3. cells

increase in ECM = more rigid
decrease in ECM = softer, less rigid, more fragile

33
Q
  1. ground substance
A
  • interstitial fluid: water around cells
  • cell adhesion proteins: laminin and fibronectin are two proteins that adhere or grab onto cells
  • proteoglycans: proteins with sugars (mascara wand)
  • glycosaminoglycan (part that touches eyelashes) aka GAGs: holds water

increase in GAG, inc in viscosity
decrease in GAG, inc in volume of water

34
Q
  1. fibres
A

collagen: strong, glues things together, more CT = stronger
elastic: enables stretching
reticular: made up of a type of collagen, that supports soft organs like capillaries/spleen

35
Q
  1. cells
A

two forms of the same cell: “blasts” and “cytes”
- each different type of CT has its own type of cell

blasts: immature cell, mitotically active and secretes the components of ECM
- each CT has its own blast: fibroblast, chondroblasts (cartilage), osteoblasts
exception: hemocytoblasts are different because they are not secreting ECM, they do have fibrinogen but don’t hang out in their tissue

cytes: mature once they make their matrix, hang around to maintain health of matrix and repairs matrix

36
Q

connective tissue proper (adipose)

A
  1. major cell type: adipocytes
  2. fibers: all three (C, E, R)
  3. function: reserve fuel (ATP), insulates and protects organs

location: under skin in subcutaneous tissue

37
Q

cartilage

A
  • avascular (no blood), and not innervated (would not feel it)
  • flexible
  • lots of proteoglycans
  • water makes it compressible
38
Q

bone

A
  • very vascularised and innervated
  • supports and protects

BLG 600 - Physiology (7 decks)

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