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BLG 600 - Physiology > WEEK 1 - Directional Terms and Tissues > Flashcards

WEEK 1 - Directional Terms and Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

homeostasis

A

the maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in the environment, readjusting as needed

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2
Q

3 components of homeostatic regulation

A
  1. receptor
  2. control center
  3. effector
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3
Q

receptor

A

receives the information that something in the environment is changing

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4
Q

control center

A

receives and processes the information from the receptor through an afferent pathway (arrives to the brain)

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5
Q

effector

A

responds to the commands of the control center by either opposing (negative feedback) or enhancing (positive feedback) the stimulus through an efferent pathway (exits the brain)

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6
Q

negative feedback loop

A

a feedback mechanism resulting in the inhibition/slowing down of a process
- stimulus is not allowed to operate or continue as it did before the receptor sensed it

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7
Q

positive feedback loop

A

a feedback mechanism resulting in the amplification/growth of the output signal
- found in processes that need to be pushed to completion, not when it needs to be maintained

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7
Q

positive feedback childbirth example

A
  • baby’s head presses on the cervix
  • activates neurons through the afferent pathway
  • neurons impulses from the cervix are transmitted to the brain where it enters the control center
  • brain stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete oxytocin through an efferent pathway
  • oxytocin increases uterine contractions, thus pressure on the cervix
  • positive feedback loop continues until the baby is born
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8
Q

homeostatic imbalance leads to

A

a disturbance of homeostasis increases the risk of disease
- contributes to changes associated with aging as the control systems become less efficient

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9
Q

orientation of the human body

A

the anatomical position is used to describe anatomical planes or sections and directional terms:
- provides a universal, consistent way of discussing anatomy
- creates a clear reference point when describing anatomical positions

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10
Q

standard anatomical position

A
  • standing upright
  • head and eyes directed straight ahead
  • upper limbs handing down at the sides
  • upper limbs slightly away from the trunk
  • palms facing forward
  • thumbs pointing away from the body
  • lower limbs together
  • feet are flat on the ground and facing forward
  • right and left sides of the body are referred as the patient’s right and left side
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11
Q

3 body planes

A

SCT
- sagittal plane (vertical)
- coronal plane (vertical)
- transverse plane (horizontal)

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12
Q

sagittal plane (sides)

A
  • line from top to bottom, front to back
  • divides the body into a right and a left section
  • midsagittal plane: divides the body into equal left and right portions through the midline of the body
  • parasagittal: any sagittal planes off-center form the midline into unequal portions of the body fr
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13
Q

coronal (frontal) plane (front view)

A
  • line from top to bottom, right to left
  • divides the body into a front (anterior) and a back (posterior) section
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14
Q

transverse plane (top view)

A
  • runs from right to left, and front to back
  • divides the body into a top (superior) and a bottom (inferior) section
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15
Q

5 directional terms (pairs)

A
  • medial vs lateral
  • superior (cranial) vs inferior (caudal)
  • anterior (ventral) vs posterior (dorsal)
  • proximal vs distal
  • superficial (external) vs deep (internal)
16
Q

medial and lateral

A

medial: toward the midline of the body
lateral: toward the outer side of the body

medial = middle
lateral = lats

17
Q

superior (cranial) and inferior (caudal)

A

superior: toward the head, above
inferior: away from the head, below

cranial = brain, above
caudal = tail = away from head, below

18
Q

anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal)

A

anterior: toward the front of the body
posterior: toward the back of the body

ventral = venting (from the mouth which is at the front of the body)
dorsal = dumptruck (which is at the back of the body)

19
Q

proximal and distal

A

proximal: toward the point of attachment
distal: farther from the point of attachment

20
Q

superficial (external) and deep (internal)

A

superficial: toward the surface of the body
deep: away from the surface of the body

superficial = surface

21
Q

2 major body divisions

A
  1. axial: head, neck, thorax
  2. appendicular: upper and lower limbs
22
Q

body cavities

A
  • a space or compartment in the body that houses organs and structures
    1. dorsal cavity
    2. ventral cavity
23
Q

dorsal body cavity

A
  • a cavity in the back of the body that protects the fragile nervous system
    1. cranial cavity
    2. spinal cavity
24
cranial and vertebral/spinal cavity
cranial: houses the brain vertebral: houses the spinal cord
25
ventral body cavity
- a cavity in the front of the body that houses the internal organs (viscera) 1. thoracic cavity 2. abdominopelvic cavity
26
thoracic cavity
- houses the heart and lungs and further divides into: 1. superior mediastinum (mid sternum) 2. pleural cavity (lungs) 3. pericardial cavity within the mediastinum (surrounds the heart)
27
abdominopelvic cavity
further divides into: abdominal cavity - houses digestive viscera (internal organs) pelvic cavity contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum note: there is no physical separation between the abdominal and pelvic cavity
28
tissues
- a group of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common function 4 types: - epithelial - muscle - nervous - connective
29
epithelial tissue
classification based on the number of cell layers: simple (one layer) and stratified (lots of layers) classification based on cell shape: squamous (flat), cuboidal, and columnar 1. polarity - apical: borders open space/faces the front - basal: next to the underlying connective tissue/faces the inside 2. specialised junctions a. tight junctions: keeps things together, prevents molecules form passing between cells and forms a continuous seal around the cells - made by interlocking junctional proteins b. desmosomes: anchoring junctions bind adjacent cells together and help keep things from tearing apart cadherins: zips cells together c. gap junctions: communicating junctions that allow ions and small molecules to pass from cell to cell, particularly important in heart cells - channel between cells that are formed by connexons 3. supported by, and sits on connective tissues 4. avascular, but innervated (no blood vessels, just nerve endings 5. regenerates stem cells + mitosis
30
muscle tissue
- highly vascularised, function involves movement skeletal muscle tissue - attached to bones, striated (stripes due to filaments), multi-nucleated cardiac muscle tissue - involuntary muscle, striated, uni-nucleated smooth muscle tissue - in walls of hollow organs (digestive, urinary, uterus, blood vessels) except heart, involuntary, not striated, uni-nucleated, and spindle-shaped cells
31
nervous tissue
- controls and regulates the brain, spinal cord, nerves made up of: - neurons: respond and transmits to stimuli - supporting cells: non-conducting, support, insulate and protects neutrons a. astrocyte b. oligodendrocyte
32
connective tissue
- most abundant - role: support, protect, and bind other tissues together - has a living and non-living component: has an extracellular matrix 4 main classes: connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone and blood CT has 3 components substance 1. ground substance: interstitial fluid (water around cells), cell adhesion proteins, proteoglycans 2. fibres: collagen, elastic, and reticular 3. cells increase in ECM = more rigid decrease in ECM = softer, less rigid, more fragile
33
1. ground substance
- interstitial fluid: water around cells - cell adhesion proteins: laminin and fibronectin are two proteins that adhere or grab onto cells - proteoglycans: proteins with sugars (mascara wand) - glycosaminoglycan (part that touches eyelashes) aka GAGs: holds water increase in GAG, inc in viscosity decrease in GAG, inc in volume of water
34
2. fibres
collagen: strong, glues things together, more CT = stronger elastic: enables stretching reticular: made up of a type of collagen, that supports soft organs like capillaries/spleen
35
3. cells
two forms of the same cell: "blasts" and "cytes" - each different type of CT has its own type of cell blasts: immature cell, mitotically active and secretes the components of ECM - each CT has its own blast: fibroblast, chondroblasts (cartilage), osteoblasts exception: hemocytoblasts are different because they are not secreting ECM, they do have fibrinogen but don't hang out in their tissue cytes: mature once they make their matrix, hang around to maintain health of matrix and repairs matrix
36
connective tissue proper (adipose)
1. major cell type: adipocytes 2. fibers: all three (C, E, R) 3. function: reserve fuel (ATP), insulates and protects organs location: under skin in subcutaneous tissue
37
cartilage
- avascular (no blood), and not innervated (would not feel it) - flexible - lots of proteoglycans - water makes it compressible
38
bone
- very vascularised and innervated - supports and protects

BLG 600 - Physiology (7 decks)

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