WEEK 1: CONTRACEPTION

Question 1

Outline the 7 reasons for unmet needs for contraception.

Answer 1

*Limited choice of methods
*Limited access to contraception, particularly among young people, poorer segments of populations, or unmarried people
*Fear or experience of side-effects
*Cultural or religious opposition
*Poor quality of available services
*Users and provider’s bias
*Gender-based barriers.

Question 2

State the 8 reasons for contraception?

Answer 2

*Reducing adolescent pregnancies- reduce school drop out

*It prevents the transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections.
-Use of condom
-Prevent vertical transmission from pregnancies of HIV positive mothers

*Avoids unintended pregnancy and prevent unsafe abortion.

*It reinforces people’s rights to determine their sexual life.

*To reduce maternal and child mortality by preventing unintended pregnancy.

*It reduces maternal mortality by 3-60% in different countries and 44% globally

*To limit family size; evidence shows that having >4 children increase maternal mortality

*Slow population growth & poverty reduction

Question 3

Contraceptives are classified based on efficacy.

There are 3 main classes.
1. Most effective
2. Effective
3. Least effective

Classify the following accordingly.

Injectable contraceptives
Oral contraceptives
Transdermal patch, and the vaginal ring.
Diaphragms, cervical caps, sponges
IUCD
implants
sterilization
male and female condoms
Spermicides
periodic abstinence, and withdrawal

Answer 3

1. Most effective
   Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC):
   IUCD
   implants
   sterilization
2. Effective
   Injectable contraceptives
   Oral contraceptives
   Transdermal patch, and the vaginal ring.
3. Least effective
   Diaphragms, cervical caps, sponges
   male and female condoms
   Spermicides
   periodic abstinence, and withdrawal

Question 4

State the 9 factors affecting method selection.

Answer 4

1. Personal preferences, including privacy, tolerance of side effects, and speed to return of fertility after method cessation
2. Effect on menstrual pattern and bleeding
3. Childbearing plans and attitudes about an unintended pregnancy
4. Pattern of sexual activity (frequency of sex, number of partners)
5. Partner (and family, e.g., mother) influences and concerns
6. Social and cultural factors (e.g., religious influence)
7. Ability to acquire and use the method successfully.
8. Method-specific experiences or concerns

9.Concomitant need to prevent sexually transmitted infections

Question 5

State examples of hormonal contraceptives.

Answer 5

Combined Hormonal contraceptives (COC)
Injections (Depo-Provera)
Implants

Question 6

State the 4 MOA of Hormonal Contraception.

Answer 6

*Suppress ovulation by blocking FSH and LH surge
*Thins endometrial lining
*Thickens cervical mucus
*Decreases tubal motility

Question 7

Outline the barrier methods of contraception.

Answer 7

Male Condom
Female Condom
Diaphragm
Cervical Cap
Spermicides

Question 8

State the natural methods of contraception.

Answer 8

Withdrawal
Fertility Awareness Method
Abstinence