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Physiology II > Week 1 CNS Organization: Objectives 1-2 > Flashcards

Week 1 CNS Organization: Objectives 1-2 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical Organization of the Nervous System (3 pts)

A

CNS: brain and spinal cord
PNS: Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
ANS: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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2
Q

What structure does the nervous system directly arise out of?

A

the neural tube

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3
Q

the brain possess how many cranial nerves, and how many parasympathetic fibers?

A

12 cranial nerves, 4 of which are parasympathetic (III, VII, IX, X)

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4
Q

General functional categories of the brain

A

Sensory, motor, cognitive

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5
Q

Spinal Cord, 3 small details

A
  1. spinal cord first structure encountered by most incoming sensroy information except in cranial nerves
  2. spinal cord is the last relay station for most motor information except ANS motor fibers
  3. Spinal cord is the site of coordination of most reflex arcs
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6
Q

Afferent/Efferent pathways

A

PNS

Afferent (sensory) pathways
Efferent (motor) pathways

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7
Q

ANS (overview)

A

Subdivision of PNS
entirely motor
innervates smooth muscle and glands (viscera)

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8
Q

ANS (subdivisions)

A

Sympathetic: Fight or flight
Also called thoracolumbar

Parasympathetic: Feed and breed
also called carniosacral

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9
Q

Parasympathetic system

A

feed or breed

Also called craniosacral

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10
Q

Cell body is called (something weird) _____

A

trophic unit

perikaryon

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11
Q

Dendrites

A

receptive unit

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12
Q

Axon

A

conductive unit

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13
Q

Dendrites…..definition and description

A

branches off cell body, carries information to the cell body

has several to many dendrites per neuron
relatively short, especially compared to the axon
often branched
have receptors for neurotransmitters
conduct local potentials

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14
Q

Axons….D & D

A 
part of neuron that carries signal
relatively long
single, one per neuron 
conducts action potential 
release neurotransmitters

ENDS with telodendria
have “Collateral branches”

has mitochondria, neurofilaments and neurotubules

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15
Q

telodendria

A

give off endings called terminal boutons

terminal boutons contain synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitters

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16
Q

Axoplasm vs Axolemma

A 
axolemma = axon membrane 
axoplasma = cystoplam of an axon
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17
Q

Axon is covered by a

A

neurolemma

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18
Q

neurolemma is made of

A

schwann cells

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19
Q

the neurolemma is often

A

myelinated

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20
Q

TRUE/FALSE all Schwann cells indicated axon is myelinated

A

false

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21
Q

Nucleus/Ganglion/Nerve/Tract/Commissure/White matter/Gray matter

A

Nucleus = aggregation of dendrites and nerve cell bodies in CNS

Ganglion = aggregation of dendrites and nerve cell bodies in the PNS

Nerve: bundle of fibers (axons) in the PNS

Tract: bundle of fibers (axons) in the CNS

Commissure = tract in the CNS that crosses from one side to the other

White matter = areas of myelinated axons

Gray matter = unmyelinated axons, cell bodies, dendrites

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22
Q

PNS system includes

A

12 cranial nerves
31 spinal nerves

Sensory receptors in the skin, wall of gut tube, tendons in skeletal muscles

motor end plates between motor neurons and skeletal muscle fibers

23
Q

Spinal nerve branches

A

spinal nerves divide into two major branches (rami)

24
Q

each spinal nerve in the thoracolumbar region, before branching into primary rami, gives off

A

two small branches:

white ramus communicans (carries myelinated preganglionic fibers)

gray ramus (carries unmyelinated postganglionic fibers back to spinal nerve)

25
Q

Paravertebral ganglia (3 things))

A

linked together in long chain on either side of the vertebral column

site of cell bodies of postganglionic sympathetic nerves

site of synapses between preganglionic myelinated sympathetic neurons and non myelinated sympathetic neurons

26
Q

Splanchnic nerve

A

nerve supplying viscera

27
Q

Preverterbral ganglion

A

typically anterior to abdominal aorta

site of synapses between preganglionic myelinated sympathetic neurons and postganglionic non-myelinated neurons

28
Q

Reflex arc

A

path that leaves from and returns to the central nervous syste,. consists minimally of sensory pathway and a motor pathway

somatic afferent pathways carry sensation from non-visceral structure such as the skin and skeletal muscle

29
Q

Somatic afferent pathways carry sensation from

A

non-visceral structures such as the skin and skeletal muscle

30
Q

Splanchnic afferent pathways carry sensations from

A

viscera

31
Q

Efferent (motor) pathways: Somatic and Visceral

A

Somatic efferent pathways carry motor signals to skeletal muscles

Visceral efferent pathways carry motor signal to smooth or cardiac muscles (also called visceral motor pathways)

32
Q

Somatic efferent pathways carry

A

motor signals to skeletal muscles

33
Q

Visceral motor pathways carry

A

motor signal to smooth or cardiac muscles

34
Q

Thoracolumbar

A

Fight or flight sympathetic

35
Q

Craniosacral

A

Feed and breed, parasympathetic

36
Q

Somatic Afferent Pathways
Visceral Afferent Pathways
Somatic Efferent Pathways
Visceral Efferent Pathways

A

Somatic Afferent (sensory, to the brain) Pathways: carry sensory information from non-visceral regions like skin and skeletal muscle to the brain

Visceral Afferent (sensory, to the brain) Pathways carry sensations from viscera to the brain

Somatic Efferent (motor, to target region) Pathways: carry motor signals to skeletal muscles

Visceral Efferent pathways (Visceral motor pathways): carry motor signals to smooth or cardiac muscles

37
Q

Association Neuron

A

interneuron

Most reflex arc consist of a afferent and efferent neuron with an interneuron in the CNS to modulate their interactions, some don’t.

38
Q

Components of a Synapse

A

Presynaptic membrane (associatied with synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitters)

synaptic cleft

postsynaptic membrane (associated with receptors for neurotransmitters)

39
Q

Monosynaptic pathway

A

Pathways consisting only of afferent neurons and efferent neurons. Each pathway has only one synapse

40
Q

Polysynaptic pathways

A

Pathways that include interneurons as well as afferent and efferent neurons. Each pathway has multiple synapses

41
Q

Secondary messenger system

A

Transmitter– >receptor protein –> G protein –> G protein opens channel, activates one or more intracellular enzymes (with corresponding chemical reactions), activates gene transcription (proteins and structural changes), activates enzyme that converts ATP to cAMP or GTP to cGMP

42
Q

Physiological States of a Neuron: Resting, Excited, Inhibited

A 
Resting = -65 mV 
Excited = -45 mV 
Inhibited = -70 mV (due to influx of chloride or efflux of potassium)
43
Q

Extracellular concentrations of N, K and Cl

A 
Na = 142 mEg/L
K = 4.5 MEg/L
Cl = 107 mEq/L
44
Q

Intracellular concentrations of Na, K, Cl

A 
Na = 12 mEq/L
K = 120 mEq/L
Cl = 8 mEq/L
45
Q

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (2)

A

Simultaneous firing of a few synapses will not summate to produce an action potential on a postsynaptic neuron

superimposed action potential can be caused by the simultaneous firing of many synapses on the postsynaptic neuron

46
Q

8-4 synapses firing at once will produce

A

not enough potential to cause an action potential

47
Q

Somatosensory Axis

A

refers to the sequence of events leading to the firing of a signal from the peripheral to the higher brain centers

48
Q

Somatosensory Axis Components

A

Peripheral receptors —> Afferent neurons —> spinal cord or brainstem —> Reticular substance (medulla, pons, mesencephalon) —> cerebellum —> thalamus —> somesthetic areas of cerebral cortex

49
Q

Somatosensory Axis: Afferent Neurons

A

Arranged in a series of three

  1. Primary Afferent synapses in the posterior horn of the spinal cord or sensory nuclei
  2. Secondary Afferent Synapses in the thalamus
  3. Tertiary Afferent synapses in the somesthetic areas of cerebral cortex
50
Q

Skeletal Motor Nerve Axis

A

Skeletal motor nerve Axis refers to the sequence of structures involved in the transmission of an action potential from the higher functions of the brain to the skeletal muscle

51
Q

Skeletal motor nerve axis: origin of action potential

A

Motor cortex of cerebrum

52
Q

Efferent pathways of the Skeletal Motor Nerve Axis + “effectors”

A

upper motor neurons extending from cortical areas to the anterior horns of the spinal cord

alpha motor neurons (lower motor neurons) extending to the skeletal muscles

effector = skeletal muscles

smooth muscle and glands are taken care of by ANS, and have a different pattern.

53
Q

Skeletal motor nerve axis: processing areas of the skeletal motor nerve axis

A
  1. Basal ganglia
    a. putamen
    b. Globus pallidus
    c. Subthalamic nuclei

Thalamus in the diencephalon
Spinal cord reflexes

Physiology II (24 decks)

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