Week 1: Clinical disease and population control in small animals Flashcards
Explain that testicular neoplasia is common and important in the dog.
Testicular neoplasia is important in the entire dog.
Metastases?
Explain that ascending infections are the important inflammatory diseases.
The urinary and reproductive tracts are intimately associated and so it is easy/possible for bacteria from a UTI (coliforms often) and bacteria from the skin to track up into the repro tract (staph from the skin)
Describe which tumour produces hormone and can induce changes in other tissues of the body.
Sertolli and Leydig cells can secrete hormones (oestrogen and testosterone respectively) E2 can cause feminisation and bm suppression therefore anaemia because it’s a myelotoxin. Testosterone can cause behavioural changes such as aggression etc.
Describe how to perform a basic clinical examination concentrating on the reproductive tract of dog and cat
Do a PE as normal then look at
Vulva, mammary glands in both sex (strictly skin but hormone dependent) +/- vaginal/rectal exams, vagibal mostly resented, and both can be impossible in cat, however is more likely accepted late preg/oestrus/parturition, check for response to stimuli eg press on rump, look at prepuce and penis, scrotum and testis, look for systemic disease and abdominal abnorms etc check for size shape discharge, smell etc
Recognise common presenting problems and signs indicative of possible disease and be able to define the problem
Discharge, swelling, weeping, inflammation, heat, acute abdomen, pain, lethargy, vomiting and diarrhoea,
List further diagnostic tests and discuss when and why specific tests would be indicated
Ultrasound X-ray CBC Haematology Urinalysis (often ascending infections)
Describe and discuss common reproductive diseases / problems affecting the ovary, uterus and vagina in the dog and cat including
a. Ovarian neoplasia
b. Pyometra, mucometra
c. Dystocia
d. Vaginal hyperplasia / prolapse
e. Vaginal neoplasia
f. Vaginal trauma
g. Ambiguous genitalia
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Describe and discuss common reproductive diseases / problems affecting the testicles, penis and prostate in the dog and cat including
a. Testicular neoplasia
b. Penile prolapse / phimosis /priaprism
c. Penile neoplasia / trauma
d. Prostatic hyperplasia / neoplasia / prostatitis / abscess / cysts
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List the indications for ovariohysterectomy / ovariectomy and describe in detail how to perform these procedures in the dog and cat.
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List the indications for castration and describe in detail how to perform this procedure in the dog and cat, including inguinal/abdominal testicles.
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List the indications for caesarean operation and describe in detail how to perform this procedure in the dog and cat.
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Describe the interactions between the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and gonads in the male and female of cattle, sheep, goats and pigs, and how these control reproductive function.
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Describe the normal endocrine changes that occur in the four farm animal species as determined by measuring peripheral blood hormone concentrations.
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Explain, from clinical examples, when there are defects in the reproductive endocrine system, and be able to identify them.
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Describe the major differences between reproductive endocrinology of small animals and the domestic mammalian model.
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