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Block 3 Lectures > Week 1: Chewing Swallowing and Churning > Flashcards

Week 1: Chewing Swallowing and Churning Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the upper gastrointestinal tract?

A

Oesophagus, stomach and duodenum (liver, gall bladder and pancreas.

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2
Q

What are the accessory organs of digestion?

A

Liver, Gall bladder and Pancreas

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3
Q

What is the roof, floor and posterior border of the mouth?

A

Roof= Hard Palate and Soft Palate

Floor = Mylohyoid muscle

posterior = palatoglossal fold

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4
Q

What is gingivae?

A

Teeth and gums

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5
Q

What is the nerve supply to the salivary glands?

A

Secretion is controlled by sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the ANS and somatosensory fibres

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6
Q

What is the opening of the parotid gland?

A

The parotid duct travels across the masseter, through the buccinator, and into the vestibule at M2 level (molar 2)

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7
Q

What is the opening of the submandibular gland

A

Sublingual Papilla underneath the lingual frenula

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8
Q

What is the opening of the sublingual gland?

A

There are sublingual ducts open on an elevated ridge on either side of the frenulum

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9
Q

What are the nerve supply to the maxillary teeth?

A

Trigeminal Nerve > Maxillary Nerve > Superior Alveolar Nerves

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10
Q

What is the nerve supply to the mandibular teeth?

A

Trigeminal Nerve > Mandibular Nerve > Inferior Alveolar Nerves

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11
Q

What is the Blood supply to the Maxillary Teeth?

A

Maxillary Artery > Posterior and Anterior superior alveolar artery

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12
Q

What is the blood supply of the Mandibular teeth?

A

External Carotid Artery > Maxillary Artery > Inferior Alveolar Artery

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13
Q

What are the the superficial muscles of mastication?

A

Masseter and Temporalis (Both Jaw closing)

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14
Q

What are the deep muscles of mastication?

A

Medial Pteregoid (Jaw closing) and lateral pteregoid (Jaw opening as it pull the mandible down)

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15
Q

What is the nerve supply to the muscles of mastication?

A

Mandibular Branch of Trigeminal Nerve

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16
Q

What is the blood supply of the muscles of mastication?

A

Maxillary artery and superficial and temporal (with corresponding veins)

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17
Q

where does the mastication system hinge?

A

condoyle of temporomandibular joint

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18
Q

What is an accessory muscle of Mastication?

A

Buccinator

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19
Q

What do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

A

They shape the tongue

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20
Q

What do the extrinsic muscles of the tongue do ?

A

They move the tongue

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21
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A
22
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A
23
Q

What is the primary blood supply to the tongue?

A

primarily the lingual artery and veins (secondary supply – tonsillar branch of facial artery and ascending pharyngeal artery)

24
Q

What is the motor nerve supply of the tongue?

A

(motor): hypoglossal nerve (XII), with exception of the palatoglossus = vagus nerve (X).

25
Q

What is the general sensory innervation to the tongue?

A

posterior 1/3rd tongue = glossopharangeal (IX), anterior 2/3rd = lingual nerve (mandibular division of trigeminal nerve V3 )

26
Q

Anatomy of tongue?

A
27
Q

Where does the pharynx end?

A

C6

28
Q

What muscles shuts off the nasopharynx with the palate and uvula?

A

Levator veli palatini and musculus uvulae

29
Q

What triggers the swallowing reflex?

A

Pharyngeal plexus - formed by branches of glossopharyngeal and vagus

30
Q

What are the 3 phases of swallowing?

A

1) Oral
2) Pharyngeal

  • Tongue
  • Soft Palate
  • Vocal Folds
  • Larynx up and epiglottis closes
  • upper oesophageal sphincter opens

3)Oesophageal

31
Q

How long is the oesophagus?

A

C6 -T10 and 25cm

32
Q

What does the oesophagus pass through in the diaphragm?

A

oesophageal hiatus

33
Q

Features of the Upper Oesophageal Sphincter?

A

Skeletal Muscle - can control

cricopharyngeus and inferior constrictor muscles

Relaxes during Swallowing

34
Q

Features of the lower oesophageal sphincter (Gastroesophageal sphincter)

A

smooth muscle

reinforced by right diaphragmatic crus

Prevents oesophageal sphincter

35
Q

What are the 3 anatomical constrictions in the body?

A

Pharyngo-oesophageal junction

Tracheal bifurcation (T5-T6)

Gastro-oesophageal junction

36
Q

What is the change in histology at the oesophago-gastric junction?

A

The epithelium changes from non-keratinised stratified squamous to simple columnar

37
Q

What is the distance between the incisors and the GO junction?

A

40cm

38
Q

Is the stomach peritoneal or retroperitoneal?

A

Peritoneal - covered on both sides by a serous membrane

39
Q

What is the arterial supply to the stomach?

A

Aorta > coeliac trunk > 5 seperate arteries which are : Right gastric artery, left gastric artery, Right gastroepiploic artery, left gastroepiploic artery, short gastric artery(come off spleen)

40
Q

What are the veins from the stomach?

A

The gastric veins are similar in position to the arteries along the lesser and greater curvatures. These veins drain either directly or indirectly into the portal system.

The left gastric vein runs to the left along the lesser curvature, receiving the esophageal veins below the esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm. It usually drains directly into the portal vein at the superior border of the pancreas.

•

The right gastric vein runs along the lesser curvature to the right toward the pylorus. Posterior to the first part of the duodenum, it joins the portal vein. It also receives the prepyloric vein, which receives the veins from the first 2 cm of the duodenum.

•

The left gastroepiploic vein passes to the left along the greater curvature and, with the short gastric veins, drains into the splenic vein or its tributaries. The splenic vein is joined by tributaries from the pancreas as well as the inferior mesenteric vein; these ultimately form the portal vein with the superior mesenteric vein.

•

The right gastroepiploic vein runs toward the right to the head of the pancreas. Usually it joins the superior mesenteric vein and thus drains into the portal vein.

41
Q

What is the lymphatics in the stomach?

A

Coeliac nodes

42
Q

What is the nerve supply to the stomach?

A

Vagus > Secretomotor > Peristaltic and secretory action

Sympathetic Nervous system: Visceral Pain and Vasculature

43
Q

What are the folds inside the stomach called?

A

Rugae

44
Q

Anatomy of the stomach

A
45
Q

What plane is the pyloric sphinchter found?

A

Transpyloric Plane

46
Q

Features of the Duodenum?

A

25cm long

Peritoneal and Retroperitoneal

4 parts: superior, descending, horizontal, ascending

47
Q

Features of D1 - Superior

A

Peritoneal

Duodenal Cap Radiologically seen

Common Bile Duct and Gastroduodenal artery posteriorly

48
Q

Features of D2 - Descending

A

Retroperitoneal

Receives CBD and PD via hepatopancreatic ampulla (of vater) at the major duodenal papilla

49
Q

Features of D3 - Horizontal

A

Retroperitoneal

Superior mesenteric artery anterior

IVC and aorta posterior

50
Q

Features of D4 - Ascending

A

Duodenojejunal flexture held by Ligament of treitz

51
Q

What structures in the upper GI tract appear dark with air in an X ray?

A

Duodenal Cap and Fundus of stomach

52
Q

What angle does the stomach rotate in embryology?

A

90 degrees

Block 3 Lectures (7 decks)

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