Week 1- Chemical Organization of the Body Flashcards
Major Gases in Body and their %
O- 65%
C- 18.5%
H- 9.5%
N- 3.2%
Ionic vs Covalent Bond
- electrons donated b/w atoms, one +/-
- e- shared b/w 2 atoms
- polar or non polar
Polar vs non-polar covalent bonds
polar- unequal sharing of electrons
non-polar - equal sharing of electrons
Hydrogen bonds
hydrogen ionically bonded and weakly attracted to surrounding elements
Anabolic reaction
building up
catabolic reaction
catabolic reaction
Kinetic Energy
matter in motion, measured in form of temp.
Potential Energy
energy stored due to position or in chemical bonds
- in body most potential energy is stored in chemical bonds and is referred to chemical energy
exergonic
when bonds break, more energy is released than absorbed
Endergonic
when bonds broken, more energy absorbed or required than released
Mechanical energy
physical motion - PE converted to KE
Radiant Energy
energy transmitted as waves
electrical energy
transmission if electrons
Oxidation
loses electron
reduction
gains electron
Factors that influence rate of rxn
- SA
- Temp
- Conc. and P
- Enzymes and catalysts
Catalyst
an enzyme that reduces amount of energy required to initiate reaction
amylase
enzyme that breaks down starch
Organic vs inorganic compound
- contain both carbon and hydrogen (ex. H2O)
- functions as lubricant, heat sink, solvent for other salts and compounds - does not contain both hydrogen and carbon
Salts and their function in the body
- compounds with ionic bonds
- establish tonicity in and outside cells which regulates flux of water in and out of cells and electrical potentials and conduction
- part of digestive process - bile salts break down fat
- transport essential minerals
Acids (SA vs WA)
- substance that releases H+ in solution
- SA: completely ionizes solution
- WA: partially ionizes
Bases
relase OH- in solution or accepts H+ already in solution
pH of:
1. blood
2. stomach acid
3. urine
- 7.35-7.45
- 2-3
- 6.5
Buffers
Neutralize small amounts of acids or bases in body fluids (acts as weak acid or base)
5 types of organic compounds in body and their subgroups
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
- High energy compounds
Hexose sugars
monosaccharide
glucose, fructose, galactose
pentose suagrs
monosaccharide
deoxyribose, ribose
Disaccharide
pairs of monomers
formed via dehydration synthesis and form glycosidic bonds
sucrose, lactose, maltose
Polysaccharides
-hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides
-used as energy storage can also function as part of immunity modulation
- ex. glycogen in liver for quick energy
Carbohydrate functions
- obtained through plant based foods (except lactose)
- Glucose primary source of energy (produces ATP when broken down)
- can combine with proteins (glycoproteins)
- combine with lipids (glycolipids)
- role in cell signalling and recognition, structural stability, attachment point
Lipids
- hydrocarbons and oxygen chains
- hydrophobic
- fats, oils, alcohols
- long term energy storage
- cell membrane
- cell signalling
- absoptiona nd transmission of fat soluble vitamins
Fatty acids
- carboxylic acid group bound to hydrocarbon chain
Saturated vs Unsaturated fatty acid
- all carbons have hydrogen
- at least one double bond
Triglycerides
- fatty acid + glycol group
- most common dietary lipid
- major energy storage
Phospholipid
Phosphorous group (polar head) + glycerol (backbone) + 2 fatty acid chains (tail)
- forms bilayer of call membrane
Steroid, cholesterol, hormones
steroid: 4 set of hydrocarbon rings
- cholesterol= most foundational, primary comp. of bile acids and building block of hormones like corticoids, androgens and estrogens
Prostaglandin
- unsaturatted fatty acids
- cell signalling
- regulates BP, inflammation, Pain sensation
Proteins
amino acids linked by peptide bonds
- enzymes to speed rxn and digestion
- signalling via neurotransmitters, hormones
- moving electrolytes in and out of cell
- tertiary energy storage
Amino acids
amino group + carboxyl group + side chain
What amino acids do you need to ingest?
Isoleucine, leucine, valine, histidine, lysin, threonine, methionine
Peptides and Polypeptides
2+ amino acids = peptide
<100 amino acids = polypeptides rather than proteins
proteins = several polypeptides joined together
Protein Structure
- denatured through high heat, changes in pH and interactions with proteins (usually non-functional)
Nucleotides
- organic compound contain a phosphate group, deoxyribose or ribose, nitrogen base group
- DNA or RNA
DNA types
adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine
RNA types
adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
nucleotide composed of a ribose sugar, adenine base, 3 phosphate group
- covalent bonds of the phosphate groups store large amounts of energy
