WEEK 1: Chemical Level of Organisation Flashcards
What is matter made up of
- made up of atoms
What do atoms do? what are they made of
- join together to form chemicals with different characteristics
- subatomic particles
What are 3 subatomic particles, THEIR UNIT AND MASS
PROTONS
-> positive charge, 1 mass unit
NEUTRONS
-> neutral 1 mass unit
ELECTRONS
-> negative charge, low mass
Describe the atomic structure
- atoms contain equal number of protons and electrons
- nucleus contains protons and neutrons
- contains an electrical cloud: spherical area that contains electrons, no of electrons determine the reactivity of atom, and electron shell(Size)
What is a valence shell
- the outer occupied shell
- they hold electrons at a higher energy
What is an atomic number
number of protons in an atom
What is an element?
pure substance composed of atoms of one kind
what is an isotope
atoms with same no of protons but diff no of neutrons
What is an isotope mass number
- no of protons plus no. of neutrons
What is an atomic weight?
- avg of the diff atomic masses and proportions of diff isotopes
Describe the arrangement of electrons in electron shells
- electron cloud contain shells/ or energy levels
- first energy level hold max 2 electrons
- 2nd + 3rd energy levels can hold max 8 electrons
What is a chemical bond
- involves sharing, gaining an dlosing electrons
What is a molecule
- 2 or more atoms joined by a strong chemical bond
what is a compound
- 2 or more atoms of diff element joined by strong or weak chemical bonds
What are the 3 major types of chemical bonds
- ionic bonds
- covalent bonds
- hydrogen bonds
What are ionic bonds?
- an atom w an electric charge
- indicated by a plus or minus following an element eg Na+
- atom (elecr donor) loses on or more electrons = cation indicated by (+) sign
- atom (elec acceptor) gains the same electrons = anion indicated by minus
- are attractions between cations (+ions) and anions (-ions)
- eg Na gives up up an electron which is gained by Cl-> opposite charged = ionic compound NaCl
What are covalent bonds
- electron donated by each atom to make pair of electrons
- sharing 1 pair = single covalent bond
- sharing 2 pairs = double covalent bond
- sharing 3 pairs = tripled covalent bond
How many bonds does carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen make in molecules
4,1,2,3
What are non polar covalent bonds
- equal sharing of electrons between atoms that have equal pull on electrons
- cannot form hydrogen bonds
What are polar covalent bonds
- unequal sharing of electrons because one atom has a disproportionately strong pull on electrons
- form polar molecules eg water as O atom hold electrons more tightly, 2 extra electrons= slight neg charge = H atoms weakly positive
What are hydrogen bonds
- weak polar bonds between adjacent molecules based on electrical atractions
- involves attraction between slightly + charge and a slightly - charge.
- they form between water molecules
What is the electronegativity for oxygen, nitrogen , carbon, hydrogen
3.5 = oxygen
3.0 = nitrogen
2.5 = carbon
2.1= hydrogen
What are reactants and products?
- r:materials going into a reaction
- p:materials coming out of a reaction
What is kinetic, potential, chemical energy?
- energy of motion
- stored energy
- potential energy stored in chemical bonds
What are 4 types of chemical reactions?
- decomposiiton
- synthesis
- exchange
- reversible
What is decomposition reaction
- Breaks chemical bonds
- bodycells/tissues = reffered to as catabolism
- eg hydrolisis reaction
What is synthesis reaction
- forms chemical bonds
-bodycells/tissues= referred to as anabolism - eg dehydration synthesis(condensation) reaction
What is exchange reaction
- involves decomposition, then synthesis
What are exergonic and endergonic reactions
- release energy
- absorb energy
What are nutrients
- essential molecules obtained from food
What are metabolites
molecules made or broken dow in the body
Examples of inorganic compounds
- carbon dioxide, oxygen, water, inorganic acids , bases, salts
What are organic compounds and examples
- molecules containg carbon and hydrogen
- carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
What are properties of water
- polar molecule
- many inorganic compounds split into smaller moleculies via dissociation by water
- ## ionization = dissociation into ions
Why dont oil and water mix
- oil is non polar, dont form hydrogen bonds
- they force water molecules apart, breaking hydrogen bonds, requiring energy
What are electrolytes
- inorganic ions that conduct electricity into solution
- electrolyte imbalance disturbs vital body functions
Examples of hydrophillic molecules
- ions and polar molecules
Examples of hydrophobic molecules
- non polar molecules, fats, oils
What is a colloid
- solution containing dispersed proteins or large molecules eg blood plasma
What is a suspension
- contains large particles that settle out of solution eg whole blood
What is pH
- negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution in moles per liter
What is neutral pH
- balance of H+ and OH-
- pure water 7.0
What is acidic pH
- lower than 7.0
- high H+ concentration
- stomach acid
What is basic alkaline pH
- higher than 7.0
- low H+ concentration
What is the pH of human blood
- ranges from 7.35 to 7.45
What is an acid
- solute that adds hydrogen ions to a solution
- strong acids dissociate completely in a solution
Waht is a base
- solute that removes hydrogen ions
- strong bases dissociate compltely
What do weak acids/bases do
- help baalnce pH
What do buffers do
stabilize pH of slutions
- involve a weak acid + related salt(weak base)
- neutralize strong acids or bases by removing or replacing hydrogen ions
What are antacids
- use sodium bicharbonate to neutralie hydrochloric acid in stomach
What are organic molecules
- contain H,C,usually O
- covalently bonded
- contain functional groups that determine their chemistry
- include, carbs, lipids, protein nucleic acids
What are carbohydrates
- contain C,H,O in 1:2:1 ratio
What are monasaccharides
- simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms
- eg glucose, fructose, galactose
What are dissaccharides
- two monosaccharides condensed by dehydration synthesis
- sucrose, maltose
What are polysaccharides
- polymers of many sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis
- glycogen, starch, cellulose
What are lipids
- hydrophobic molecules fats, oils, waxes
- made mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms
eg. fatty acids, glycerides, steroids
What are gylcerides?
- fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule
- monoglyceride-glycerol plus 1 fatty acid
- diglyceride-glycerol plus 2 fatty acids
- triglycerided-glycerol plus 3 fatty acids
What are glcycerides 3 important functions
- nergy source
- insulation
- protection
What are streroids and their examples
- four ringed carbon structures with an assortment of functional groups
- eg :cholesterol
-> component of plasma membranes - eg SEX HORMONES, steroid hormones, bile salts
What are proteins
- the most abundantand important organic molecules
- cotanins carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
- 20 amino acids that are monomores that combine to form protein
7 major functions of proteins
- support
-> strucural proteins - movement
-> contractile proteins - transport
-> carrier proteins - buffering
-> regulating pH - metabolic regulation
-> enzymes - coordination and control
-> hormones - defense
-> antibodies
What is the protein structure
- long chains of amino acids
- REQUIRES dehydration synthesis
- linking 2 aminoa cids together forms peptide bond = peptide
What does an amino acid consist of
- central carbon atom
- hydrogen atom
- amino group
- carboxyl group
- variable side chain
What is the primary structure of a protein
- the sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide
What is the secondary structure of a protein
- hydrogen bonds forms spirals or pleats = alpha helix or beta sheet
What is the teritary structure of a protein
- coiling and folding producing 3 dimensiona shape
What is the quaternary structure of a protein
- final protein complex produced by. interacting polypeptide chains
What are enzymes and 3 things they exhibit
- proteins gthat lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction
- not changed or used up in the reaction
- substrates bind to an active site of an enzyme
- temp and pH effect enzyme function
1. Specifity - catalyze only one type of reaction
2. saturation limits - enzymes becomes saturated
3. regulation - by other cellular chemical
Describe enzyme strucutre and function
- substrate bind to active site
- substrate binding alters the shape of the enzyme, promoting product formation
- product now detaches, process can be repeated
What is a cofactor
- an ion or molecule that binds to an enzyme before substrates can bind
What is a coenzyme
- non protein organic cofactors (enzyme)
What is denaturation
- hange in shape or loss of function ddue to heat or pH
What are glycogproteins?
- large proteins + small carbohydrates
- includes enzymes, antibodies, hormone
- mucus production
What are nucelic acids, function and 2 examples
- large organic molecules found in the nucleus
- store and process info
- rna + dna
4 functions of deoxyribonucleic acid
- determines inherited characteristics
- directs protein synthesis
- controls enzyme production
- controls metabolism
What is ribonucleic acid
- controls intermediate steps in protein synthesis
What is the structure of nucleic acids and 3 things it contains
- DNA and RNA consist of long chains of nucleotides
1. pentose sugar
2. phosphate group
3. nitrogenous base (a,g,t,c,or u)
What is phosphorylation?
the process of adding a phosphate group to another molecule
- produces a high energy bond
What are the 4 high energy compounds
- Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
->nucleotide contains 1 phosphate group - adenosine diphosphate ADP
-> containing 2 phosphate groups
-adenosine triphosphate atp
-> contain 3 phosphate group
- adenosine triphosphatase atpase
-> enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of atp to adp
