Week 1 Chapter 1 Flashcards
there are [ ] naturally occurring elements
90
the 3 most abundant elements are?
oxygen, hydrogen, carbon
what are the four main classes of biomolecules?
proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and lipids
monomers definition
small molecules that may bond to many others to form a polymer
polymers definition
macromolecules formed by the bonding of smaller units
biological macromolecules are [ ] created by joining many smaller organic molecules, or monomers, via [ ]
biological macromolecules are polymers created by joining many smaller organic molecules, or monomers, via condensation (removal of water)
In the structure of carbohydrates, a [ ] monomer is repeated many times
In the structure of carbohydrates, a single monomer is repeated many times
In the structure of proteins and nucleic acids, [ ] monomer is connected in a particular order
In the structure of proteins and nucleic acids, a variety of different monomers is connected in a particular order
proteins fold into [ ] that facilitate biochemical functions
proteins fold into 3D structures that facilitate biochemical functions
a linear string of amino acids (20) are connected via [ ] bonds
a linear string of amino acids (20) are connected via peptide bonds
3 structural components of a nucleotide
- 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
- Heterocyclic ring base that is purine (A, G) or pyrimidine (C, T)
- At least 1 phosphate group
nucleic acids bonded next to each other on the same strand have [ ] bonds, and nucleic acids bonded to each other from opposite strands have [ ] bonds
nucleic acids bonded next to each other on the same strand have covalent bonds, while nucleic acids bonded to each other from opposite strands have hydrogen bonds
on a dinucleotide, the [ ] prime phosphate binds to the [ ] prime hydroxy
on a dinucleotide, the 5’ prime phosphate binds to the 3’ prime hydroxy
lipids have a [ ] head and a [ ], [ ] tail
Lipids have a hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail
are lipids soluble in water?
not soluble in water but in some organic solvents
lipid bilayers are stabilized by [ ]
lipid bilayers are stabilized by noncovalent forces
the most common carbohydrates contain [ ] or [ ] carbons
the most common carbohydrates contain 5 or 6 carbons
what is the central dogma?
information flows from DNA to RNA to protein
but really,
DNA (replication) –> transcription in Nucleus –> mRNA/tRNA/rRNA –> translation –> protein
RNA polymerase catalyzes [ ]
RNA polymerase catalyzes transcription
[ ] is the process of copying DNA information into RNA
transcription is the process of copying DNA information into RNA
[ ] is the conversion of mRNA sequence into protein, occurs in ribosomes
translation is the conversion of mRNA sequence into protein, occurs in ribosomes
[ ] lack intracellular membranes
prokaryotes lack intracellular membranes
[ ] lack a distinct nucleus
prokaryotes lack a distinct nucleus
the [ ] surrounds the cell, and the [ ] is the cavity within it
the cell membrane surrounds the cell, and the cytoplasm is the cavity within it
nucleus function
location of main genome; site of most DNA and RNA synthesis
mitochondria function
site of energy-yielding oxidation reactions; has its own DNA
chloroplast function
site of photosynthesis in green plants and algae; has its own DNA
endoplasmic reticulum
continuous membrane throughout the cell; rough part studded with ribosomes for protein synthesis
golgi apparatus function
sorts proteins; involved in secretion of proteins from cells; involved in reactions that link sugars to other cellular components
lysosomes function
membrane-enclosed sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes
cell membrane function
separates the cell contents from the outside world; selective permeability
the [ ] is organized by a series of structural filaments, the cytoskeleton
the cytoplasm is organized by a series of structural filaments, the cytoskeleton