Week 1, Chapter 1

Question 1

Psychological research has been based on WEIRDOS. What is it?

Answer 1

Wester, Educated, Industrialised, Rich, and Democratic cultures.

Question 2

Cross-cultural research

Answer 2

Tests the cultural parameters of psychological knowledge. Involves research on human behaviour that compares psychological processes between two or more cultures

Question 3

In regards to the study of culture on psychological truths; Culture-specific VS universal

Answer 3

universal: Apsychologi- cal process that is found to be true or applicable for all people of all cultures. Culture-specific: A psychological process that is considered to be true for some people of some cultures but not for others

Question 4

cultural psychology

Answer 4

A subdiscipline within psychology that examines the cultural foundations of psychological processes and human behaviour. It includes theoretical and methodological frameworks that posit an important role for culture and its influence on mental processes behaviour and vice versa.

Question 5

4 important groups that influence the creation of cultures

Answer 5

1. Group Life, 2. Environments, 3. Resources, 4. The evolved human mind.

Question 6

The Universal Psychological Toolkit

Answer 6

A set of basic psychological skills and abilities that people can use to meet their needs. These include complex cognitive skills, language, emotions, and personality traits.

Question 7

Culture

Answer 7

A unique meaning and information system, shared by a group and transmitted across generations, that allows the group to meet basic needs of survival, pursue happiness and well- being, and derive meaning from life.

Question 8

Ratchet effect

Answer 8

The concept that humans continually improve

Question 9

The difference between society and culture

Answer 9

Society is a system of interrelationships among people. It refers to the structure of relationships that exist among individuals. In human societies, individuals halve multiple relationships with multiple groups, and the groups themselves have interrelationships with other groups. Culture, however, refers to the meanings and information that are associated with those social networks.

Question 10

values

Answer 10

A trans-situational goals that serve as a guiding principle in the life of a person or group (e.g., kindness, creativity). Values motivate and justify behaviour and serve as standards for judging people, actions, and events

Question 11

Individualism VS collectivism

Answer 11

This dimension refers to the degree to which cultures will encourage, on one hand, the tendency for people to look after themselves and their immediate family only, or, on the other hand, for people to belong to ingroups that are supposed to look after its members in exchange for loyalty.

Question 12

Power Distance

Answer 12

This dimension refers to the degree to which cultures will encourage less powerful members of groups to accept that power is distributed unequally.

Question 13

Uncertainty avoidance

Answer 13

This dimension refers to the degree to which people feel threatened by the unknown or ambiguous situations, and have developed beliefs, institutions, or rituals to avoid them.

Question 14

Masculinity VS femininity

Answer 14

This dimension is characterized on one pole by success, money, and things, and on the other pole by caring for others and quality of life. It refers to the distribution of emotional roles between males and
females.

Question 15

Sacred values

Answer 15

Values considered to be nonnegotiable. They differ from normal values because they incorporate moral beliefs that drive action in ways dissociated from prospects for success. Across the world, people believe that devotion to core values (such as the welfare of their family and country or their commitment to religion, honour, and justice) is, or ought to be, absolute and inviolable. Such values outweigh other values, particularly economic ones

Question 16

Tightness VS looseness

Answer 16

A dimension of cultural variability that refers to the variability within a culture of its members to norms. Tight cultures have less variability and are more homogeneous with respect to norms; loose cultures have more variability and are more heterogeneous

Question 17

Self-concept

Answer 17

The cognitive representations of who one is, that is, the ideas or images that one has about oneself, especially in relation to others, and how and why one behaves. The sum of one’s idea about one’s self, including physical, mental, historical, and relational aspects, as well as capacities to learn and perform. Self-concept is usually considered central to personal identity and change over time. It is usually considered partially conscious and partially unconscious or inferred in a given situation.

Question 18

Cultural worldviews

Answer 18

Culturally specific belief systems about the world. They contain attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and values about the world. People have worldviews because of evolved, complex cognition; thus, having a worldview
is a universal psychological process. The specific content of worldviews, however, is specific to and different for each culture.

Question 19

Etics

Answer 19

Universal psychological processes

Question 20

Emics

Answer 20

Culture-specific processes.