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Medical Physiology > Week 1: CH 1,3 > Flashcards

Week 1: CH 1,3 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

__ are properties that cannot be predicted to exist based only on knowledge of the system’s __ components.

A

Emergent properties
Individual

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2
Q

__ are the basic functional unit of most living organisms.

A

Cells

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3
Q

Collections of cells that carry out __ functions are called __.

A

Related
Tissues

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4
Q

Tissues form structural and functional units known as __.

A

Organs

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5
Q

Groups of organs integrate their functions to create __.

A

Organ systems

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6
Q

The __, composed of the skin, forms a protective boundary that __ the body’s internal environment from the external environment (the outside world).

A

Integumentary system
Separates

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7
Q

The __ provides support and body movement.

A

Musculoskeletal system

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8
Q

The __ exchanges gases.

A

Respiratory (pulmonary) system

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9
Q

The __ takes up nutrients and water and eliminates __.

A

Digestive (gastrointestinal) system
Wastes

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10
Q

The __ removes excess water and waste material.

A

Urinary (renal) system

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11
Q

The __ produces eggs or sperm.

A

Reproductive system

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12
Q

The __ distributes materials by pumping blood through __.

A

Circulatory (cardiovascular) system
Vessels

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13
Q

The __ and __ coordinate body functions.

A

Nervous
Endocrine systems

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14
Q

The __ is a network of billions of __ cells linked together in a highly organized manner to form the rapid control system of the body.

A

Nervous system
Nerve

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15
Q

The __ forms the cells and tissues of the body that secrete __.

A

Endocrine system
Hormones

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16
Q

In the __, cells, tissues, and their products defend the body against __.

A

Immune system
Invaders

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17
Q

Thinking about a physiological event in terms of its adaptive significance is the __, which describes the purpose “why”, rather than their __ “how.”

A

Teleological approach
Mechanism

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18
Q

Physiologists use the __ which focuses on the physiological __ or “how” of a system.

A

Mechanistic approach
Processes

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19
Q

__ uses the insights and results gained from basic biomedical research on __ to develop treatments and strategies for preventing human diseases.

A

Translational research
Mechanisms

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20
Q

__ is the division of space into separate compartments. Compartments allow a cell, a tissue, or an organ to __ and isolate functions.

A

Compartmentation
Specialize

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21
Q

Organisms that survive in challenging habitats cope with external variability by keeping their __ relatively stable, an ability known as __.

A

Internal environment
Homeostasis

22
Q

If the body fails to maintain __ of the critical variables, then normal function is disrupted and a disease state, or __ condition (suffering), may result.

A

Homeostasis
Pathological

23
Q

The study of body functions in a disease state is known as __.

A

Pathophysiology

24
Q

One very common pathological condition in the U.S. is __, a metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally high __ concentrations.

A

Diabetes mellitus
Blood glucose

25
Q

The watery internal environment that surrounds the cells, a “sea within” the body is called the __.

A

Extracellular fluid (ECF)
Extra refers to “outside of”

26
Q

Extracellular fluid serves as the transition between an organism’s external environment and the __ inside cells.

A

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

27
Q

To maintain homeostasis, the body must maintain __. The __ says that if the amount of a substance in the body is to remain constant, any gain must be offset by an __ loss.

A

Mass balance
Law of mass balance
Equal

28
Q

The amount of a substance in the body is also called the body’s __ as in “sodium __”

A

Load
Load

29
Q

To maintain __, the body has two options for output. The simplest option is simply to __ the material.

A

Mass balance
Excrete

30
Q

__ is defined as the elimination of material from the body, usually through the urine, feces, lungs, or __.

A

Excretion
Skin

31
Q

Scientists use __ to follow material throughout the body.

A

Mass flow

32
Q

__ describes the rate of transport of a substance x as it moves through __ or into and out of the body.

A

Mass flow
Body fluids

33
Q

Instead of directly measuring the substance, we can follow the rate at which the substance __ from the blood, a concept called __.

A

Disappears
Clearance

34
Q

__ is usually expressed as a volume of blood __ of substance x per unit of time. For this reason, __ is only an indirect measure of how substance x is handled by the body.

A

Clearance
Cleared
Clearance

35
Q

When you centrifuge blood, it separates into two parts: __, the fluid component, plus the heavier __ cells.

A

Plasma
Blood

36
Q

__ is part of the extracellular fluid compartment, and its composition can be easily analyzed.

A

Plasma

37
Q

In a state of __, the composition of both body compartments is relatively stable. This condition is a dynamic __.

A

Homeostasis
Steady state

38
Q

In a __, there is no __ movement of materials between the compartments.

A

Steady state
Net

39
Q

Steady state is not the same as __, which implies that the composition of the body compartments is __.

A

Equilibrium
identical

40
Q

Important __, such as blood pressure, are kept within their acceptable (normal) range by physiological control mechanisms that kick in if the variable ever strays too far from its __, or optimum value.

A

Regulated variables
Setpoint

41
Q

In their simplest form, all __ have three components, an input signal, a control or __, and an __ that creates a response.

A

Control systems
Integrating center
Output

42
Q

The __ helps to __ incoming information and initiates an appropriate response.

A

Integrating center
Integrate

43
Q

The simplest form of control is __, which is restricted to the tissue or cell involved. In __, a relatively isolated change occurs in a __.

A

Local control
Local control
Tissue

44
Q

A __ has three primary components: an __, an __ center to integrate the signal, and an __ signal.

A

Response loop
Input signal
Integrating
Output

45
Q

In a __, the response “__” to influence the input portion of the pathway.

A

Feedback loop
Feeds back

46
Q

A pathway in which the response opposes or __ the signal is known as __.

A

Removes
Negative feedback

47
Q

__ loops stabilize the regulated variable and thus aid the system in maintaining __.

A

Negative feedback
Homeostasis

48
Q

A few reflex pathways are not homeostatic. In a __, the response __ the stimulus rather than decreasing or removing it.

A

Positive feedback loop
Reinforces

49
Q

In __, the response sends the __ variable even farther from its normal value.

A

Positive feedback
Regulated

50
Q

A few reflexes have evolved that enable the body to predict that a change is about to occur and start the __ in anticipation of the change. These anticipatory responses are called __.

A

Response loop
Feedforward control

Medical Physiology (1 decks)

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