week 1: Ch. 1-2 [intro] Flashcards
the oldest form of pharmacology is:
herbal medicine
[most cultures have practiced this at some point]
the first prescription traces back to:
3000 BC
Chinese records show that reported remedies go back as far as:
2700 BC
Egyptians have archived remedies as far back as:
1500 BC
modern pharmacology began when?
1800s
[chemists first isolated active agents]
early drugs were created from:
natural plants
Which changes occurred in the 20th century in regard to pharmacology?
~great changes/stride
~ability to synthesize drugs in the lab
~better understanding of drug effects
a drug is any substance taken to:
prevent, cure, reduce symptoms of a medical condition
drugs are a form of __________ intervention
medical
Pharmacology is the study of:
medicines
Pharmacology greek meanings
Pharmakon= ?
Logos= ?
Pharmakon= medicine/drugs
Logos= to study
pharmacology covers:
administration, metabolism, and response of human body to drugs
What is pharmacotherapy AKA pharmacotherapeutics?
application of drugs to prevent or treat suffering
There are over ________ agents/drugs
11,000
Factors that can alter drug responses include:
age
gender
race
body mass
health status
genetics
List the characteristics of the ideal drug
Effectively treats/prevents/cures conditions
~Safe + effective
~Rapid, predictable response at low dose
~no adverse effects
~can be taken conveniently (by mouth)
~taken infrequently/ for short lengths of time
~inexpensive & accessible
~eliminated by body after beneficial effects
~does not interact with other meds or food
[The perfect drug does not exist]
The condition for which a drug is approved for by the FDA is called the :
indication for the drug
[every drug has at least 1+]
unapproved indications are :
unlabelled/ off-label
Every year, the FDA publishes:
“orange book” of all approved drugs
[prescription & non-prescription]
What is therapeutic classification?
what is being treated by the drug; what is the therapy/ benefit?
[some may have multiple if they treat several pathways of a disease]
What is pharmacological classification?
How the drug acts / mechanisms of action in the body
[more specific than therapeutic classification]
[requires stronger understanding of biochem & physio]
What is a prototype drug?
1 single drug from each _______________________________
[usually ____________________________________ drug in the class]
Can help predict ________________________________ of other drugs within the same classification
1 single drug from each classification of drugs
[usually oldest/best-understood drug in the class]
Can help predict actions & effects of other drugs within the same classification
3 basic type of drug names are:
chemical
generic
trade name
the ________ drug name is the standard nomenclature established by IUPAC
chemical
ex) Tylenol’s chemical name = paraacetlaminopheno
Each drug has _____ chemical name
one
Generic drug names are assigned by:
United States adopted name council
ex) Tylenol generic name is acetaminophen
Trade name AKA brand name is given by
the pharmaceutical company marketing the drug
[can be dozens]
[attempt to make it shorter, easier to remember]
Ibuprofen is a generic name, but some trade names for it are:
Advil
Motrin
Midol
Etc…
Substitution of generic & trade name drugs:
laws vary by state
~can be cost saving
________________ is defined as the rate and extent to which the active ingredients are absorbed and available at the site of action
Bioavailability
[this is key to comparing trade name drugs to generic]
9/10 prescriptions dispensed in the US are for:
generic drugs
[greatest cost savings- generic drugs for MH & hypertension]
biologic drugs are medicines made by
living cells
~complex molecules that require years of research to develop & get FDA approved
____________ drugs are comparable to FDA-approved biological drugs
biosimilar
[not exact copy, but similar components]
What are a nurse’s responsibilities during medication administration? [4]
Monitor patient condition before and during drug use
evaluate drug effects, making sure it is desirable and not a side effect
teaching the patient about self-administration
conduction medication reconciliation [reviewing meds and verifying patient is taking them correctly and safely]
List the major goals in studying pharmacology:
eliminate medication errors & adverse drug events
knowledge [lifelong process]
Cocaine, morphine, & heroin were early _________ of medicines
patent
The standardization of drug purity and strength is specific to:
the US
___________ is a medical reference summarizing standards of drug purity, strength, and directions for synthesis
Pharmacopeia
_________________ is the regulatory agency responsible for ensuring drugs and medical devices are safe and effective
The US FDA
~oldest agency
~7 branches
~
Research/Clinical investigation
~Describe the 4 phases
Phase 1- testing 20-80 healthy volunteers for months
Phase 2- hundreds of patients w/ disease [Placebo VS non-placebo]
Phase 3- Large #s of patients w/ disease [use drug to determine effects]
Phase 4- approval > adverse event reporting & public meetings
Truly unique drugs [new molecular entities] only range from ___________ per year
20-30
What are the limitations of the drug approval process?
~need diverse populations for testing [usually, white males majority]
~off-label use
It takes about ____ years of research/development, costing _______ to move from lab testing to pharmacy shelf
12
$350 million
Priority drugs can receive accelerated approval; Priority drugs are any drugs intended for:
life-threatening conditions
[Can be approved before stage 3 completion]
Prescription drugs may be:
addictive
too harmful for self-administration
treat complex conditions
require skill to administer
patients must receive authorization
Supplements
Herbal and dietary supplements are NOT:
drugs
[not the same regulatory process, can cause side effects + interact with meds, not tested for safety by FDA]
Drugs are scheduled for the potential of:
abuse
5 categories
Category 1- highly addictive - high abuse potential
ex) heroin, weed, LSD, shrooms
Category 5- lowest abuse potential - cough meds w/ codeine…
__________ drugs must be registered with DEA & maintain complete quantity records
Controlled
