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Pharmacology > week 1: Ch. 1-2 [intro] > Flashcards

week 1: Ch. 1-2 [intro] Flashcards

1
Q

the oldest form of pharmacology is:

A

herbal medicine

[most cultures have practiced this at some point]

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2
Q

the first prescription traces back to:

A

3000 BC

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3
Q

Chinese records show that reported remedies go back as far as:

A

2700 BC

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4
Q

Egyptians have archived remedies as far back as:

A

1500 BC

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5
Q

modern pharmacology began when?

A

1800s

[chemists first isolated active agents]

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6
Q

early drugs were created from:

A

natural plants

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7
Q

Which changes occurred in the 20th century in regard to pharmacology?

A

~great changes/stride
~ability to synthesize drugs in the lab
~better understanding of drug effects

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8
Q

a drug is any substance taken to:

A

prevent, cure, reduce symptoms of a medical condition

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9
Q

drugs are a form of __________ intervention

A

medical

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10
Q

Pharmacology is the study of:

A

medicines

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11
Q

Pharmacology greek meanings

Pharmakon= ?
Logos= ?

A

Pharmakon= medicine/drugs
Logos= to study

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12
Q

pharmacology covers:

A

administration, metabolism, and response of human body to drugs

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13
Q

What is pharmacotherapy AKA pharmacotherapeutics?

A

application of drugs to prevent or treat suffering

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14
Q

There are over ________ agents/drugs

A

11,000

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15
Q

Factors that can alter drug responses include:

A

age
gender
race
body mass
health status
genetics

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16
Q

List the characteristics of the ideal drug

A

Effectively treats/prevents/cures conditions

~Safe + effective
~Rapid, predictable response at low dose
~no adverse effects
~can be taken conveniently (by mouth)
~taken infrequently/ for short lengths of time
~inexpensive & accessible
~eliminated by body after beneficial effects
~does not interact with other meds or food

[The perfect drug does not exist]

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17
Q

The condition for which a drug is approved for by the FDA is called the :

A

indication for the drug

[every drug has at least 1+]

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18
Q

unapproved indications are :

A

unlabelled/ off-label

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19
Q

Every year, the FDA publishes:

A

“orange book” of all approved drugs

[prescription & non-prescription]

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20
Q

What is therapeutic classification?

A

what is being treated by the drug; what is the therapy/ benefit?

[some may have multiple if they treat several pathways of a disease]

21
Q

What is pharmacological classification?

A

How the drug acts / mechanisms of action in the body

[more specific than therapeutic classification]

[requires stronger understanding of biochem & physio]

22
Q

What is a prototype drug?

1 single drug from each _______________________________

[usually ____________________________________ drug in the class]

Can help predict ________________________________ of other drugs within the same classification

A

1 single drug from each classification of drugs

[usually oldest/best-understood drug in the class]

Can help predict actions & effects of other drugs within the same classification

23
Q

3 basic type of drug names are:

A

chemical
generic
trade name

24
Q

the ________ drug name is the standard nomenclature established by IUPAC

A

chemical

ex) Tylenol’s chemical name = paraacetlaminopheno

25
Q

Each drug has _____ chemical name

A

one

26
Q

Generic drug names are assigned by:

A

United States adopted name council

ex) Tylenol generic name is acetaminophen

27
Q

Trade name AKA brand name is given by

A

the pharmaceutical company marketing the drug

[can be dozens]
[attempt to make it shorter, easier to remember]

28
Q

Ibuprofen is a generic name, but some trade names for it are:

A

Advil
Motrin
Midol

Etc…

29
Q

Substitution of generic & trade name drugs:

A

laws vary by state

~can be cost saving

30
Q

________________ is defined as the rate and extent to which the active ingredients are absorbed and available at the site of action

A

Bioavailability

[this is key to comparing trade name drugs to generic]

31
Q

9/10 prescriptions dispensed in the US are for:

A

generic drugs

[greatest cost savings- generic drugs for MH & hypertension]

32
Q

biologic drugs are medicines made by

A

living cells

~complex molecules that require years of research to develop & get FDA approved

33
Q

____________ drugs are comparable to FDA-approved biological drugs

A

biosimilar

[not exact copy, but similar components]

34
Q

What are a nurse’s responsibilities during medication administration? [4]

A

Monitor patient condition before and during drug use

evaluate drug effects, making sure it is desirable and not a side effect

teaching the patient about self-administration

conduction medication reconciliation [reviewing meds and verifying patient is taking them correctly and safely]

35
Q

List the major goals in studying pharmacology:

A

eliminate medication errors & adverse drug events

knowledge [lifelong process]

36
Q

Cocaine, morphine, & heroin were early _________ of medicines

A

patent

37
Q

The standardization of drug purity and strength is specific to:

A

the US

38
Q

___________ is a medical reference summarizing standards of drug purity, strength, and directions for synthesis

A

Pharmacopeia

39
Q

_________________ is the regulatory agency responsible for ensuring drugs and medical devices are safe and effective

A

The US FDA

~oldest agency
~7 branches
~

40
Q

Research/Clinical investigation

~Describe the 4 phases

A

Phase 1- testing 20-80 healthy volunteers for months

Phase 2- hundreds of patients w/ disease [Placebo VS non-placebo]

Phase 3- Large #s of patients w/ disease [use drug to determine effects]

Phase 4- approval > adverse event reporting & public meetings

41
Q

Truly unique drugs [new molecular entities] only range from ___________ per year

A

20-30

42
Q

What are the limitations of the drug approval process?

A

~need diverse populations for testing [usually, white males majority]

~off-label use

43
Q

It takes about ____ years of research/development, costing _______ to move from lab testing to pharmacy shelf

A

12

$350 million

44
Q

Priority drugs can receive accelerated approval; Priority drugs are any drugs intended for:

A

life-threatening conditions

[Can be approved before stage 3 completion]

45
Q

Prescription drugs may be:

A

addictive
too harmful for self-administration
treat complex conditions
require skill to administer
patients must receive authorization

46
Q

Supplements

Herbal and dietary supplements are NOT:

A

drugs

[not the same regulatory process, can cause side effects + interact with meds, not tested for safety by FDA]

47
Q

Drugs are scheduled for the potential of:

A

abuse

5 categories

Category 1- highly addictive - high abuse potential
ex) heroin, weed, LSD, shrooms

Category 5- lowest abuse potential - cough meds w/ codeine…

48
Q

__________ drugs must be registered with DEA & maintain complete quantity records

A

Controlled

Pharmacology (12 decks)

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