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Disease Processes > Week 1 - Cell Adaptions > Flashcards

Week 1 - Cell Adaptions Flashcards

1
Q

Definition: Physiology

A

Scientific study of the function of living things

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2
Q

Definition: Pathology

A

Scientific study of disease

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3
Q

Definition: Active

A

Requiring energy

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4
Q

Definition: Aerobic

A

With oxygen

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5
Q

Definition: Anaerobic

A

Without oxygen

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6
Q

Definition: Hypoxia

A

Lack of Oxygen

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7
Q

Definition: Ischaemia

A

Lack of Blood Supply

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8
Q

Definition: Reperfusion

A

Restoration of blood following period of ischaemia

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9
Q

Definition: Acute

A

Sudden onset or sudden severe

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10
Q

Definition: Chronic

A

Long duration

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11
Q

Definition: Cytology

A

Study of Cells (e.g., pap-smear)

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12
Q

Definition: Histology

A

Study of tissues (e.g., biopsy)

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13
Q

Definition: Well-Differentiated

A

Contains features that can be identified as different proteins are being expressed or silenced.

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14
Q

Definition: Undifferentiated

A

Not unique, cannot be differentiated. Stem cell with no protein being expressed

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15
Q

Most Common Stain: Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)

A
  • Haematoxylin stains the nucleus dark blue purple
  • Eosin stains the cytoplasm (proteins) pink
  • E.g., Cancer would be predominantly dark blue and purple
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16
Q

Flow of Human Makeup

A

Cells —> Tissues —> Organs —> Organ System

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17
Q

Cellular Differentiation

A
  • Characteristics that determine the cell type

- Structure and function are integrated

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18
Q

3 Types of Cells

A
  • Labile
  • Stable
  • Permanent
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19
Q

Labile Cells

A
  • Continuously dividing
  • Epithelial e.g. Skin, GIT, reproductive, urinary tracts , lining of exocrine ducts
  • Haemopoietic stem cells within bone marrow
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20
Q

Stable Cells

A
  • Quiescent
  • Not consistently dividing but divide when stimulated
  • Epithelial e.g. Liver, kidney, lung, pancreas
  • Smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells
21
Q

Permanent Cells

A
  • Non-dividing in a full-developed adult
  • Cardiac & skeletal myocytes, CNS neurons
  • Skeletal Muscle – Population of stem cells within skeletal muscle
  • `Original cells don’t divide however the stem cells do
22
Q

Aging Cells

A

As we age, cells also age. They become shorter and eventually die

23
Q

Different Processes of Cell Stress/injury

A
  • Leads to Cell Death —-> Apoptosis or Necrosis
  • Apoptosis - Cell death or suicide
  • Necrosis - Extensive/explosive cell death, kills surrounding cells as well, causes inflammation, can be caused by sudden loss of blood supply
  • Anoikis – Epithelial cells die by apoptosis because connections are lost to their neighbouring cells
24
Q

Negatives with Necrosis

A
  • Neighbouring cells induced to undergo necrosis and area of tissue becomes infarct
  • Stimulation of acute inflammation
  • Loss/reduced function of tissue —> scarring, calcification, and death
  • Lost tissue cannot be replaced
  • Infarct tissue could lead to death
25
Q

Explain Apoptosis

A

• Programmed cell death, cell suicide
o Physiological & Pathological

  • Active dismantling of the cell
  • Condensation of cytoplasm & nucleus
  • Break-up and sequ estration within apoptotic bodies

• Phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies
o Macrophages & neighbouring cells

  • No inflammation or scarring
  • Does not cause harm to neighbouring cells
  • Immune system can trigger apoptosis
  • Can be caused due to a lack of hormones
26
Q

Physiological Apoptosis

A
  • Embryonic Development
  • Tissue Homeostasis
  • Removal of Redundant Cells
  • Crucial for Immune Function
  • Immune mediated killing
27
Q

Pathological Apoptosis

A
  • Pathological Atrophy
  • Transplant Rejection
  • Autoimmune diseases
  • Some infections (AIDS, hepatitis)
  • Anti-Cancer treatments
28
Q

Key Differences between Apoptosis and Necrosis

A

Apoptosis

  • Occurs in physiology and pathology
  • Active (requires energy)
  • Single cell death
  • No inflammation

Necrosis

  • Is only pathological
  • Passive (does not require energy)
  • Kills neighbouring cells
  • Causes inflammation
29
Q

Tissue Requirements

A

Nerve innovation

Blood & lymphatic supply (delivery & removal)
o	Gases
o	Hormones
o	Growth Factors
o	Nutrients
Defence against invasions
o	Skin/epidermis 
o	GIT
o	Urogenital
o	Respiratory
30
Q

Cell Requirements

A
  • Functional plasma membrane
  • Ability to make RNA & proteins
  • The ability to copy & repair DNA*
  • Functional cytoskeletal proteins
  • Energy (ATP)
  • Antioxidant defences
  • Ability to remove waste including proteins
  • Ability to repair or destroy redundant & damaged organelles
  • CHEMISTRY – Temperature, pH etc
31
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • Surrounded by double membrane
  • Have cristae
  • Generate energy
  • Are full of oxidative enzymes (e.g., cytochrome oxidase)
  • Induce cell death
  • Prone to stress
32
Q

Internal Sources of Stress in Mitochondria

A

More mutations occur in mitochondria as we age, hence prone to more stress

33
Q

Lysosome

A
  • Waste disposal organelle
  • Membrane-bound digestive organelles
  • Primary lysosome
  • Secondary lysosomes Heterophagosomes autophagosomes
  • Give rise to residual bodies (“lipofuscin”)
34
Q

Cell Adaption Process

A
  • In labile cells, these adaptations are reversible

- Permanent cells cannot reverse cell adaptation (atrophy cannot be reversed)

35
Q

Autophagy

A
  • Cell shrinkage

- Impaired autophagy cause ageing

36
Q

Aging (Senescence) - Tissue Atrophy

A
  • Atrophy only occurs at the level of tissue
  • Reduced size of a tissue/organ due to loss of cells
  • Reduction in size due to individual cells undergoing a combination of autophagy and apoptosis or just apoptosis in old cells
  • Reduce functional reserve with age
37
Q

Apoptosis

A

Decrease in cell number

38
Q

Autophagy

A

Decrease in cell size, reversible

39
Q

Physiological Atrophy

A

Accumulate over the course of our life

40
Q

Pathological Atrophy

A

Damage to nerve e.g. Broken a bone

41
Q

Senile Atrophy

A

Due to age e.g osteoporosis and reduction of muscle mass (Sarcopenia)

42
Q

Difference between tissue atrophy and infarction

A

Tissue Atrophy - involves apoptosis, autophagy

Infarct - Ischaemic, haemorrhagic and necrosis

Depends on the health of cells and age

43
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increased size of cells.

Can happen physiologically (gym) and pathologically

44
Q

Hyperplasia: Physiological and Pathological

A

Increased number of cells.

Physiological: pregnancy and breast tissue. Pathological: hormonal imbalance (goiter)

45
Q

Metaplasia: Physiological and Pathological

A

o The change from one normal/well-differentiated cell type to another normal/well-differentiated cell type.

o Physiological: respiratory system with various epithelial cells. Irritation due to smoking, cell types change. Reversible process.

o Pathological: chronic gastric reflux. Changes to stratified squamous to simple glandular layer.

46
Q

Connective Tissue: Cell Types

A
  • Myocytes, skeletal, cardiac and smooth myocytes
  • Myo- = muscle & -cytes = cells

In pathology,
o Skeletal - Permanent, non-dividing cell
o Cardiac - Permanent cells
o Smooth - Stable cells
o Fibroblasts, collagen and fat (adipocytes) - Stable cells
o Endothelium (lining of blood vessels), cartilage (chondrocytes) and bone (osteoblasts, osteocytes) - stable cells

47
Q

Epithelium: Duties

A

Structure and function, secretion, absorption, mechanical and chemical stress, transport

48
Q

Glandular Epithelium

A

Endocrine or Exocrine

49
Q

Tissue Types other than CT and Epithelium

A
  • Mesothelial, melanocytes, germ cells, lymphoid tissue and bone marrow

Disease Processes (13 decks)

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