Week 1: Cardiovascular Alterations Flashcards
Definition: What is acute pericarditis?
Acute inflammation/leakiness of the pericardium (outer layer of heart).
NSAIDs stands for:
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
NSAIDs are the primary drugs to treat __________?
Simple inflammation.
Examples of NSAIDs include: (1)
ibuprofen
(for my ref.) Define the following:
- analgesic
- antipyretic
Analgesic: drug that is pain-relieving
Antipyretic: drug that reduces fever
Why is acetaminophen NOT an NSAIDs?
Acetaminophen doesn’t have anti-inflammatory action.
Definition: What is constrictive (restrictive) pericarditis?
Chronic; Fibrous scarring w/ occasional calcification of pericardium….layers start to adhere/stick together :0
“wrap” around the heart :0
What category of drugs can treat constrictive (restrictive) pericarditis?
Anti-inflammatory drugs
Definition: What is pericardial effusion?
Accumulation of fluid in pericardial cavity
Definition: What is tamponade?
pressure on <3 when blood/fluid builds up :(
EMERGENCY
…“tampon”…“stuff it in”…
Heart is stuffed/stuck, and can’t pump properly; diastolic BP not normal…
What is the treatment for pericardial effusion?
Pericardiocentesis (invasive procedure…needle in and DRAIN)
Definition: What is cardiomyopathy?
(Google) A disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder for the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body. (Cardiomyopathy can lead to heart failure)
What does this mean:
“Many cases of cardiomyopathy are idiopathic”?
Cardiomyopathy arises spontaneously/unknown reasons.
Definition: What is dilated cardiomyopathy?
There is impaired systolic function.
Name the different types of cardiomyopathy (3):
- Dilated cardiomyopathy
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- Restrictive cardiomyopathy
What is the main characteristic of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
The heart muscles are VERY THICK; overtime there is less and less space for filling.
Do you understand the differences in TYPES of cardiomyopathies?
- Dilated cardiomyopathy = impaired systolic function; blood leftover in chamber
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy = THICK muscles; over time less and less space for filling
- Restrictive cardiomyopathy = Myocardium becomes RIGID and non-compliant…problems with filling during diastole
Definition: What does stenosis mean?
Heart valve does not open properly. (thickened & narrow)
Definition: What does regurgitation mean?
Heart valve does not close properly. (weakened valve)
What is the main cause of valvular heart disease?
Wear-and-tear
What are the 2 classifications for Congenital Heart Disease?
Acyanotic heart defects
Cyanotic heart defects
Valvular heart disease: which side of the heart is more commonly affected? (Left or right?)
Left
Which of the following is considered the most severe?
a) aortic stenosis
b) mitral stenosis
c) aortic regurgitation
d) mitral regurgitation
a
…because heart can’t stay in relaxation
not tested xD
What does oliguria mean?
Low urine output
(r/t aortic stenosis/valve thrombosis)
What does orthopnea mean?
Shortness of breath when someone lays down, but this SOB goes away once the person sits upright.
SIGN OF HEART FAILURE
What are the symptoms of acute pericarditis? (3)
- fever
- myalgias (muscle ache/pain)
- malaise (feeling sick/unwell)
followed by onset CHEST PAIN
Describe acyanotic heart defects
- L to R shunt
- Increase V (R side of heart)
- therefore increase of blood flow into pulm. circ.
- therefore NO decrease in tissue O2
Describe Cyanotic heart defects
- R to L shunt
- therefore decrease of blood flow thru pulm. circ
- therefore less O2 into tissues…CYANOSIS!!! :(
What are the subcategories of acyanotic heart defects?
Increase in pulm. blood flow
- atrial septal defect
- vent. septal defect
- Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)!!!
Obstruction to blood from ventricles
- Coarctation of aorta
What does PDA stand for?
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (under acyanotic heart defects)
What is a clinical manifestation of PDA?
Machinery type murmur
What is a finding of Coarctation of aorta?
High BP in upper extremities w/ decreased feet pulses
What are the 4 defects of Tetralogy of Fallot?
- LARGE vent. septal defect
- Over-riding aorta straddles vent. septal defect
- Pulm. stenosis
- R. Vent. hypertrophy
What is a key finding in children who have Tetralogy of Fallot and why do they do this?
Squatting; helps to decrease pulmonary valve shifting
(google) They squat when they’re short of breath. Squatting increases blood flow to the lungs.
Name a systemic glucocorticoid:
Prednisone
What is the indication of use for prednisone?
- anti inflammation
- pericarditis
What is prednisone’s mechanism of action?
- vasodilation & perm. of capillaries
- decrease in leukocyte migration to sites of inflamm.
What are the side effects of prednisone?
- Cushing’s syndrome
- Fluid retention
What is ibuprofen used for?
fever, mild/mod pain, inflammation
What is the mechanism of action for ibuprofen?
inhibits prostaglandin synthesis
What are the side effects of ibuprofen?
nausea, heartburn, dizziness, GI ulcers, epigastric pain
What is acetaminophen used for?
fever
mild/mod pain
What is acetaminophen’s mechanism of action?
UNCLEAR…
inhibits synthesis of prostaglandins in CNS…hypothalamus…
dilates peripheral blood vessels, sweating!
What are the side effects of acetaminophen?
Toxic levels of warfarin (warfarin metabolism)…from high dose or long term use.
