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PAT401 Advanced Pathotherapeutics > Week 1: Cardiovascular Alterations > Flashcards

Week 1: Cardiovascular Alterations Flashcards

1
Q

Definition: What is acute pericarditis?

A

Acute inflammation/leakiness of the pericardium (outer layer of heart).

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2
Q

NSAIDs stands for:

A

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

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3
Q

NSAIDs are the primary drugs to treat __________?

A

Simple inflammation.

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4
Q

Examples of NSAIDs include: (1)

A

ibuprofen

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5
Q

(for my ref.) Define the following:
- analgesic
- antipyretic

A

Analgesic: drug that is pain-relieving
Antipyretic: drug that reduces fever

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6
Q

Why is acetaminophen NOT an NSAIDs?

A

Acetaminophen doesn’t have anti-inflammatory action.

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7
Q

Definition: What is constrictive (restrictive) pericarditis?

A

Chronic; Fibrous scarring w/ occasional calcification of pericardium….layers start to adhere/stick together :0

“wrap” around the heart :0

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8
Q

What category of drugs can treat constrictive (restrictive) pericarditis?

A

Anti-inflammatory drugs

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9
Q

Definition: What is pericardial effusion?

A

Accumulation of fluid in pericardial cavity

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10
Q

Definition: What is tamponade?

A

pressure on <3 when blood/fluid builds up :(

EMERGENCY

…“tampon”…“stuff it in”…
Heart is stuffed/stuck, and can’t pump properly; diastolic BP not normal…

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11
Q

What is the treatment for pericardial effusion?

A

Pericardiocentesis (invasive procedure…needle in and DRAIN)

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12
Q

Definition: What is cardiomyopathy?

A

(Google) A disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder for the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body. (Cardiomyopathy can lead to heart failure)

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13
Q

What does this mean:
“Many cases of cardiomyopathy are idiopathic”?

A

Cardiomyopathy arises spontaneously/unknown reasons.

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14
Q

Definition: What is dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

There is impaired systolic function.

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15
Q

Name the different types of cardiomyopathy (3):

A
  • Dilated cardiomyopathy
  • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
  • Restrictive cardiomyopathy
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16
Q

What is the main characteristic of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

The heart muscles are VERY THICK; overtime there is less and less space for filling.

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17
Q

Do you understand the differences in TYPES of cardiomyopathies?

A
  • Dilated cardiomyopathy = impaired systolic function; blood leftover in chamber
  • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy = THICK muscles; over time less and less space for filling
  • Restrictive cardiomyopathy = Myocardium becomes RIGID and non-compliant…problems with filling during diastole
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18
Q

Definition: What does stenosis mean?

A

Heart valve does not open properly. (thickened & narrow)

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19
Q

Definition: What does regurgitation mean?

A

Heart valve does not close properly. (weakened valve)

20
Q

What is the main cause of valvular heart disease?

A

Wear-and-tear

21
Q

What are the 2 classifications for Congenital Heart Disease?

A

Acyanotic heart defects
Cyanotic heart defects

22
Q

Valvular heart disease: which side of the heart is more commonly affected? (Left or right?)

A

Left

23
Q

Which of the following is considered the most severe?
a) aortic stenosis
b) mitral stenosis
c) aortic regurgitation
d) mitral regurgitation

A

a
…because heart can’t stay in relaxation
not tested xD

24
Q

What does oliguria mean?

A

Low urine output
(r/t aortic stenosis/valve thrombosis)

25
Q

What does orthopnea mean?

A

Shortness of breath when someone lays down, but this SOB goes away once the person sits upright.
SIGN OF HEART FAILURE

26
Q

What are the symptoms of acute pericarditis? (3)

A
  • fever
  • myalgias (muscle ache/pain)
  • malaise (feeling sick/unwell)
    followed by onset CHEST PAIN
27
Q

Describe acyanotic heart defects

A
  • L to R shunt
  • Increase V (R side of heart)
  • therefore increase of blood flow into pulm. circ.
  • therefore NO decrease in tissue O2
28
Q

Describe Cyanotic heart defects

A
  • R to L shunt
  • therefore decrease of blood flow thru pulm. circ
  • therefore less O2 into tissues…CYANOSIS!!! :(
29
Q

What are the subcategories of acyanotic heart defects?

A

Increase in pulm. blood flow
- atrial septal defect
- vent. septal defect
- Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)!!!

Obstruction to blood from ventricles
- Coarctation of aorta

30
Q

What does PDA stand for?

A

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (under acyanotic heart defects)

31
Q

What is a clinical manifestation of PDA?

A

Machinery type murmur

32
Q

What is a finding of Coarctation of aorta?

A

High BP in upper extremities w/ decreased feet pulses

33
Q

What are the 4 defects of Tetralogy of Fallot?

A
  1. LARGE vent. septal defect
  2. Over-riding aorta straddles vent. septal defect
  3. Pulm. stenosis
  4. R. Vent. hypertrophy
34
Q

What is a key finding in children who have Tetralogy of Fallot and why do they do this?

A

Squatting; helps to decrease pulmonary valve shifting

(google) They squat when they’re short of breath. Squatting increases blood flow to the lungs.

35
Q

Name a systemic glucocorticoid:

A

Prednisone

36
Q

What is the indication of use for prednisone?

A
  • anti inflammation
  • pericarditis
37
Q

What is prednisone’s mechanism of action?

A
  • vasodilation & perm. of capillaries
  • decrease in leukocyte migration to sites of inflamm.
38
Q

What are the side effects of prednisone?

A
  • Cushing’s syndrome
  • Fluid retention
39
Q

What is ibuprofen used for?

A

fever, mild/mod pain, inflammation

40
Q

What is the mechanism of action for ibuprofen?

A

inhibits prostaglandin synthesis

41
Q

What are the side effects of ibuprofen?

A

nausea, heartburn, dizziness, GI ulcers, epigastric pain

42
Q

What is acetaminophen used for?

A

fever
mild/mod pain

43
Q

What is acetaminophen’s mechanism of action?

A

UNCLEAR…
inhibits synthesis of prostaglandins in CNS…hypothalamus…
dilates peripheral blood vessels, sweating!

44
Q

What are the side effects of acetaminophen?

A

Toxic levels of warfarin (warfarin metabolism)…from high dose or long term use.

45
Q
A

PAT401 Advanced Pathotherapeutics (11 decks)

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