Week 1 Capnography on

Question 1

What is capnography?

Answer 1

Evaluation of CO2 waveform

Capnography provides insights into pulmonary, cardiovascular, and metabolic status.

Question 2

What does capnometry measure?

Answer 2

CO2 concentration

Capnometry is a technique used to measure the concentration of carbon dioxide in exhaled air.

Question 3

What is a capnogram?

Answer 3

Plots CO2 concentration

A capnogram visually represents the levels of CO2 throughout the respiratory cycle.

Question 4

What does CO2 represent in the context of capnography?

Answer 4

Smoke of cellular metabolism

CO2 is a byproduct of cellular metabolism and is essential for assessing ventilation.

Question 5

What is a capnometer?

Answer 5

Instrument to measure CO2

Capnometers can be mainstream or side stream, each with unique characteristics.

Question 6

What are the two kinds of capnometers?

Answer 6

• Mainstream (in-line)
• Side Stream

Mainstream capnometers are heavier and can cause extubations, while side stream capnometers are more commonly used.

Question 7

What does the absence of CO2 indicate?

Answer 7

Assume failure to ventilate

Other factors, such as fluid presence, may also affect CO2 levels.

Question 8

What is the significance of the waveform in capnography?

Answer 8

• 1 height (depends on ETCO2 value)
• 2 frequency (depends on RR)
• 3 rhythm (depends on respiratory center)
• 4 inhalation (should be 0)
• 5 shape (normal)

Each component of the waveform provides critical insights into the patient’s respiratory function.

Question 9

What does the height of the capnography waveform represent?

Answer 9

Depends on ETCO2 value

The height reflects the end-tidal carbon dioxide levels during exhalation.

Question 10

What does the frequency of the waveform indicate?

Answer 10

Depends on RR

Frequency relates to the respiratory rate during exhalation.

Question 11

What is measured at point D in the capnography waveform?

Answer 11

ETCO2

Point D represents the peak of the expiratory plateau where the end-tidal CO2 is measured.

Question 12

What is the history of the BIS?

Answer 12

• 1994: Aspect Medical Systems founded
• 1996: FDA approval for monitoring GA cases

The BIS (Bispectral Index) technology has evolved to enhance patient monitoring during anesthesia.

Question 13

What can falsely elevate a BIS reading?

Answer 13

Ketamine administration

Certain medications can interfere with BIS accuracy.

Question 14

What factors can impair BIS accuracy?

Answer 14

• Hypothermia
• Increased muscle tone

These factors can affect the reliability of BIS readings during anesthesia.

Question 15

What are the benefits of using BIS technology?

Answer 15

• Use up to 38% less anesthetic agents
• Patients wake up 27-53% faster in OR
• 87% more fully awake and oriented upon PACU arrival

BIS technology enhances recovery times and reduces anesthetic costs.

Question 16

What is the Patient Safety Index Monitor (PSI)?

Answer 16

Sedline: Four channel EEG

PSI monitors the effects of anesthesia and sedation by tracking the brain’s electrical activity.