Week 1 blood transfusions Flashcards
What is TACO?
Transfusion-Associated Circulatory Overload
What is the main outcome we are concerned about with TACO?
respiratory distress
How do we identify TACO?
pulmonary edema on exam or diagnostics
other unexplained cardiovascular changes
RR increase
O2 decrease
frothy sputum
What is the highest cause of patient morality in transfusion?
TACO
What causes TACO and what are the risk factors?
large volumes in a short time
cardiac/renal dysfunction
low stature
low weight
<3age and >60 age
hyperalbuminemia
How long do we monitor a patient for TACO post transfusion?
12 hours
what is AHTR?
Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction
what are the symptoms of AHTR?
fever
chills
hemoglobinuria
pain
dyspnea
hypotension
oliguria
what are 3 interventions if AHTR occurs?
- stop the infusion
- close monitoring
- hydration
What causes AHTR?
clerical errors that cause ABO-incompatible transfusion
what is FNHTR
Febrile non-hymolytic transfusion reaction?
what is the most common transfusion reaction?
FNHTR
whare are the symptoms of FNHTR?
fever
chills
rigors
pain
What intervention can we use for FNHTR?
acetaminophen
non-pharmacological pain relief
What causes FNHTR?
body attacks blood cells - immune system reaction
what is TRALI
Transfusion Related Acute lung injury
what is the second leading cause of transfusion-related morbidity and mortality after TACO?
TRALI
what does TRALI cause in a patient?
Pulmonary edema
respiratory failure
What are signs of TRALI in patients that do not have ARDS?
sudden acute respiratory distress during or within 6 hours of transfusion
dyspnea
tachypnea
Hypoxemia with O2 <90% RA
Pulmonary edema
fever
BP decrease
What are minor allergic reactions?
urticaria
pruritus
flushing
mild upper resp symptoms
GI symptoms
What is the intervention for minor allergic reactions?
Antihistamines
What are the S&S of severe allergic reactions?
- skin- hives, swelling, warmth, redness
- resp. - cough, wheeze, sob, hay-fever symptoms
- GI- N &V , stomach pain/cramp, diarrhea
- Cardio- Dizzy, weak pulse, faint, shock, loss of consciousness
- Neurological - Anxiety, feeling of impending doom
What are the 3 main things we focus on in any kind of severe allergic reaction?
ABCs!
