Week 1: Blood

Question 1

Major roles of blood (5)

Answer 1

• Transportation of O2 and CO2, nutrients, hormones, and waste products.
• Regulation of pH and ion composition of tissue fluids.
• Restriction of fluid loss due to injury.
• Defense against toxins and pathogens.
• Stabilization of body temperature.

Question 2

What type of tissue is blood?

Answer 2

Connective tissue

Question 3

What are the formed elements in blood?

Answer 3

• RBCs
• WBCs
• Platelets

Question 4

What % of blood is formed elements?

Answer 4

37-54%

Question 5

Erythrocytes (where they’re made and their function)

Answer 5

• red bone marrow

* Transport gases, primarily oxygen and some carbon dioxide

Question 6

Granular leukocytes

Answer 6

• neutrophils
• eosinophils
• basophils

Question 7

Neutrophils (where they’re made and function)

Answer 7

• red bone marrow

* nonspecific immunity

Question 8

Eosinophils (where they’re made and their function)

Answer 8

• red bone marrow

* nonspecific immunity

Question 9

Basophils (where they’re made and their function)

Answer 9

• red bone marrow

* nonspecific immunity

Question 10

Agranular leukocytes

Answer 10

• lymphocytes

* monocytes

Question 11

Lymphocytes (where they’re made and their function)

Answer 11

• bone marrow and lymphatic tissue

* specific Immunity

Question 12

Monocytes (where they’re made and their function)

Answer 12

• red bone marrow

* nonspecific immunity

Question 13

Platelets (where they’re made and their function)

Answer 13

• red bone marrow (from megakaryocytes)

* hemostasis

Question 14

Hematocrit

Answer 14

measures the percentage of RBCs in a blood sample

Question 15

Normal hematocrit

Answer 15

Women: 37-47%
Men: 42-52%

Question 16

Polycythemia

Answer 16

Increased hematocrit

Question 17

Packed cell volume (PCV)

Answer 17

The volume of erythrocytes after centrifugation

Question 18

Viscosity

Answer 18

measure of a fluid’s thickness or resistance to flow

Blood is about 5X more viscous than water

Question 19

Temp

Answer 19

38 °C (or 100.4 ° F) although daily variations of 0.5 °C are normal

Question 20

pH

Answer 20

7.4

it can range from 7.35 to 7.45

Question 21

Volume

Answer 21

males: 5 to 6 liters
Females: 4–5 liters.

Question 22

What % of plasma is water?

Answer 22

92%

Question 23

Albumin (%, site of production, functions)

Answer 23

• 54-60%
• liver
• Maintain osmotic pressure, transport lipid molecules

Question 24

Globulins (%, type, where they’re made, and function)

Answer 24

• 35-38%
• alpha and beta globulins: liver; transport and maintain osmotic concentration
• gamma globulins (immunoglobulins): plasma cells; immune responses

Question 25

Fibrinogen (%, where it’s made, and function)

Answer 25

* 4-7% * liver * clotting and hemostasis

Question 26

hematopoiesis

Answer 26

The production of new blood cells

Question 27

Where does hematopoiesis occur in adults?

Answer 27

Red bone marrow

Question 28

extramedullary hematopoiesis

Answer 28

hemopoiesis outside the medullary cavity of adult bones Throughout adulthood, the liver and spleen maintain their ability to generate the formed elements.

Question 29

What do lymphoid stem cells give rise to?

Answer 29

Lymphocytes

Question 30

Where do lymphoid stem cells migrate to?

Answer 30

* lymph nodes * spleen * thymus

Question 31

What cells are lymphocytes ? (3)

Answer 31

* B cells * T cells * NK cells

Question 32

What do myeloid stem cells give rise to? (6)

Answer 32

* erythrocytes * megakaryocytes to platelets * myoblast lineage to monocytes * all granular leukocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)

Question 33

Erythropoietin (EPH)

Answer 33

A glycoprotein hormone secreted by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels. It prompts the production of erythrocytes (erythropoiesis).

Question 34

Thrombopoietin

Answer 34

another glycoprotein hormone, is produced by the liver and kidneys. It triggers the development of megakaryocytes into platelets.

Question 35

Cytokines

Answer 35

They act locally as autocrine or paracrine factors, stimulating the proliferation of progenitor cells and helping to stimulate both nonspecific and specific resistance to disease.

Question 36

Reticulocyte

Answer 36

An immature RBC

Question 37

Spectrin

Answer 37

A protein that enable RBCs to change their shape to squeeze through capillaries

Question 38

What shape is a RBC?

Answer 38

Biconcave disk

Question 39

Globin

Answer 39

four folded chains of a protein in hemoglobin

Question 40

Oxyhemoglobin

Answer 40

Hemoglobin that has oxygen attached to it

Question 41

Deoxyhemoglobin

Answer 41

Hemoglobin that has deposited it’s oxygen