Week 1: Biopsychology & Research Methods part 2 Flashcards
testing is so time-consuming, that it is typically prescribed for only a small portion of brain-damaged patients.
Neuropsychological Testing
The nature of neuropsychological testing has changed radically since the 1950s. Indeed, the dominant approach to psychological testing has evolved through three distinct phases: the single-test approach, the standardized-test-battery approach, and the modern customized-test-battery approach.
Modern Approach to Neuropsychological Testing
This approach proved unsuccessful, in large part because no test could be developed that would be sensitive to all the varied and complex psychological symptoms that could potentially occur in a brain-damaged patient.
The Single-Test Approach
to neuropsychological testing grew out of the failures of the single-test approach.
The most widely used standardized test battery has been the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery. The Halstead-Reitan is a set of tests that tend to be performed poorly by brain-damaged patients in relation to other patients or healthy controls; the scores on each test are added together to form a single aggregate score
The standardized-test-battery approach
first published in 1955 and standardized in 1981 on a sample of 1,880 U.S. citizens between 16 and 71. It is often the first test because knowing a patient’s IQ can help a neuropsychologist interpret the results of subsequent tests
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
Injuries to the frontal lobes are common, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
Frontal-Lobe Function
Cognitive neuroscience is predicated on two related assumptions. The first premise is that each complex cognitive process results from the combined activity of simple cognitive processes called constituent cognitive processes.
Behavioral Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience
They get the average brain activity in one task, and then they get another average, of brain activity in some comparison baseline task, and they subtract out the activity of the baseline task.
Paired-Image Subtraction Technique
Brain structures typically active in the default mode and less active during cognitive or behavioral tasks are collectively referred to as the __________________.
Default Mode Network
Learning paradigms play a major role in biopsychological research for three reasons. The first is that learning is a phenomenon of primary interest to psychologists. The second is that learning paradigms provide an effective technology for producing and controlling animal behavior.
Traditional Conditioning Paradigms
Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment, and extinction.
operant conditioning
