Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > Week 1; Basics > Flashcards

Week 1; Basics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the nursing responsibilities of pharmacology?

A

Administering drugs, assessing drug effects, intervening to make the drug regimen more tolerable, Providing teaching about drugs and drug regimens, monitor the overall patient care plan to prevent medication errors, must be knowledgeable about changing landscape of medical treatment and rely on up-to-date and comprehensive drug and treatment guidelines.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Chemical name; generic name; trade name

A
  1. The name that reflects the chemical structure of a drug; 2.Name given by the United States adopted name council; 3.The drug has registered trademark; use of the name restricted by the drug’s owner
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Phase I studies

A

Uses human volunteers to test the drugs. These studies are more tightly controlled than preclinical trials and are performed by specially trained clinical investigators. At the end of phase I studies, many chemicals are dropped from the process for the following reasons: they cause unacceptable adverse effects, they are highly teratogenic, they are too toxic, they lack evidence of potential therapeutic effect in humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Phase II studies

A

Allows clinical investigators to try out the drug in patients who have the disease that the drug is designed to treat; performed at various sites across the country and are monitored by representatives of the pharmaceutical company studying the drug. May be removed from study because: It is less effective than anticipated, it is too toxic when used with patients, it produces unacceptable adverse effects, it has a low benefit-to risk ratio, meaning that the therapeutic benefit does not outweigh the risk of potential adverse effects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Phase III studies

A

Involves the drug in a vast clinical market. Prescribers are informed of all the known reactions to the drug and precautions required for its Sade use. Prescribers observe patients very closely, monitoring them for an adverse effects. A drug that produces unacceptable adverse effects or unforeseen reactions in usually remove from further study by the drug company.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

DEA schedule I drugs

A

Highest abuse potential (heroin, LSD, Marijuana, psilocybin); no accepted use for medicine, limited use for research purposes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

DEA schedule II drugs

A

High abuse potential; morphine, PCP, cocaine; accepted use with restrictions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

Study of what the drug does to the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

The study of what the body does to the drug; Absorption, distribution, ,metabolism, excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pharmaceutics

A

The study of how various drug forms influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pharmacotherapeutics

A

The use of drugs and the clinical indications for drugs to prevent and treat disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In what ways do drugs work in the body

A

Replaces or act as a substitute for missing chemicals, to increase or stimulate cellular activities, to depress or slow cellular activities, to interfere with the functioning of foreign cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Absorption

A

The rate at which a drug leaves its site of administration and the extent to which absorption occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Bioavailability

A

enough available drug to be absorbed from the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Bioequivalent

A

establishes that the generic drugs have the same absorption and desired effects are the same as the trade drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

actors that affect absorption

A

Administration route of the drug, food or fluids administered with the drug, food or fluids administered with the drug, dosage formulation, status of the absorptive surface, rate or blood flow to the small intestine, acidity of the stomach, status of GI motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Routes of admin

A

A drugs route of administration affects the rate and extent of absorption of the drug
enteral, parenteral, topical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Enteral

A

Absorbed through the oral or gastric mucosa; oral, sublingual, buccal, rectal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

First pass effect

A

The metabolism of a drug and its passage from the liver into the circulation; the liver has a high metabolism rate which leads to a low or less therapeutic effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Routes that bypass the liver

A

sublingual, buccal, rectal, intravenous, intranasal, transdermal, vaginal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, inhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Parental route

A

intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, intrathecal, intraarticular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Topical route

A

skin, eyes, ears, nose, lungs, vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Distribution

A

The transport of a drug in the body by the bloodstream to its site of action

24
Q

What is distribution of drugs affected by

A

water-binding, water soluble vs fat soluble, blood brain barrier, areas of rapid distribution (heart, liver, kidneys, brain), areas or flow distribution (muscle, skin, fat

25
Q

Metabolism

A

The biological transformation of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a more soluble compound, or a more potent metabolite; done by liver, kidneys, lungs, lungs, plasma intestinal mucosa, pro-drug a drug that is activated after it is metabolized

26
Q

Factors that decrease metabolism

A

Cardiovascular dysfunction, renal insufficiency, starvation, obstructive jaundice, slow acetylator, erythromycin or ketoconazole drug therapy

27
Q

Factors that increase metabolism

A

Fast acetylator, barbiturates, rifampin therapy

28
Q

What does delayed drug metabolism result in

A

Accumulation of drugs, prolonged action of the effects of the drug

29
Q

What does stimulating drug metabolism cause

A

Diminished pharmacological effects

30
Q

Excretion and routes

A

The elimination of drugs from the body; kidneys, liver, bowel

31
Q

Therapeutic index

A

The ratio between a drug’s therapeutic benefits and its toxic effects

32
Q

What are the kinds of drug therapies

A

Acute, empiric, maintenance, palliative, prophylactic, replacement, supportive, supplemental

33
Q

Monitoring

A

Effectiveness of the drug therapy must be evaluated which is why nurses must be familiar with the drugs intended therapeutic effects

34
Q

How do adverse effects occur

A

Drug effect on the body (potentiation), patient sensitivity (patient sensitivity), drugs action may cause other responses (secondary effects)

35
Q

Challenges to effective therapy

A

Media influence/internet, OTC drugs, alternative therapies and herbal medicines, off-label uses, cost considerations, importance of patient teaching, street drugs

36
Q

Tolerance

A

A decreasing response to repetitive drug doses

37
Q

Dependence

A

A physiologic or psychological need for a drug

38
Q

What are some things that commonly cause drug interactions

A

Other prescribed drugs, OTC meds, herbal therapies

39
Q

Drug allergy reactions

A

Anaphylactic reaction, cytotoxic reaction, serum sickness reaction, delayed allergic reaction

40
Q

Anaphylactic reaction

A

Causes immediate reaction; leads to respiratory distress- s/s are hives, rash, panic, dilated pupils, increased BP

41
Q

Cytotoxic reaction

A

Attacks the cell sites of the drug that cause cell death, not immediate but seen over several days. S/s include decreased HCT, elevated AST/ALT, decreased renal function

42
Q

Serum sickness reaction

A

Causes damage to the tissues by depositing in blood vessels, may occur up to 1 week after exposure. s/s include itchy rash, high fever, swollen lymph nodes, painful joints.

43
Q

Delayed allergic reactions

A

Can occur several hours to days after exposure and involves antibodies bound to specific WBC. s/s rash, hives, swollen joints

44
Q

Teratogenic

A

Hurts fetus

45
Q

Mutagenic

A

Causes mutations

46
Q

Superinfections

A

Secondary infection is super imposed on a previous one; usually caused by antibiotic affects on natural biome

47
Q

Blood dyscrasias

A

Blood disorders especially with the bone marrow; can cause anemia or some deficiency in blood

48
Q

Category X

A

Adequate well-controlled or observational studies in animals or pregnant women have demonstrated positive evidence of fetal abnormalities. The use of the product is contraindicated in women who are or may become pregnant.

49
Q

Category D

A

Adequate well-controlled or observational studies in pregnant women have demonstrated a risk to the fetus. However, the benefits of therapy may outweigh the potential risk.

50
Q

Distribution in older adults

A

Lower total body water percentages, increased fat content, decreased production of proteins by the liver, resulting in decreased protein binding of drugs

51
Q

Metabolism in older adults

A

Aging liver produces fewer microsomal enzymes, affecting drug metabolism, reduced blood flow to the liver

52
Q

Excretion

A

Decreased glomerular filtration rate, decreased number of nephrons

53
Q

Older adult med administration considerations

A

Age, allergies to drugs and food, dietary habits, sensory, visual, hearing, cognitive, and motor-skill deficits, financial status and any limitations, list of all health-related care providers, listing of medications, existence of poly pharmacy, self-medication practices, lab test results, history of smoking and use of alcohol, risk situations related to drug therapy identified by the beers criteria

54
Q

Types of med errors

A

Wrong dose, choice, drug, time, frequency, technique, route; missed dose, known allergy, drug-drug interaction, extra dose, failure to act on test, equipment failure, inadequate monitoring, preparation error

55
Q

Medications that are commonly involved in errors

A

Meds that have similar names or similar packaging, meds that are sometimes not commonly used or prescribed, meds that are commonly associated with allergies, meds that require testing to ensure proper therapeutic levels are maintained

56
Q

10 rights of medication

A

drug, dose, time, route and form, patient, documentation, reason, response, refuse, education

Pharmacology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions