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PHTY301 > Week 1 - Anatomy of Cervical Spine > Flashcards

Week 1 - Anatomy of Cervical Spine Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the anatomy of C0/1

A
  • C1 (known as atlas)
  • no body or spinous process
  • no disc
  • deep articular facets on C1 to allow for sliding for F/E (i.e. nodding)
  • very strong ligamentous support
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2
Q

What is the main function of C0/1?

A
  • Flexion and extension (15-20 degree range)
  • Lateral flexion is ~3 degrees
  • Accounts for 1/3 cervical spine movement in sagittal plane (i.e. flex/ext)
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3
Q

Describe the anatomy of C1/2

A
  • C2 known as axis
  • odontoid process/dens is the bony element that projects superiorly
  • transverse ligament (atlanto-odontoid stability)
  • alar ligaments (upper Cx rotation)
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4
Q

What are the joints in C1/2?

A
  • 2 x atlanto-axial joints

- 1 x atlanto-odontoid joint

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5
Q

Describe the anatomy C2/3

A
  • junction between the upper and lower cervical region
  • superior articular processes which are deep and face back and up and medially inclined
  • angle of the articular facets is at 40-45 degrees to the horizontal
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6
Q

Describe the motion of the C2/3 segment

A
  • flexion/extension

- coupling rotation and LF (5 deg)

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7
Q

Describe the anatomy of the cervical facets

A
  • facets are oblique antero-posteriorly
  • greater angle more proximally - flattens as you go distal ~10 degrees
  • freer ROM
  • allows F/E and strongly coupled lat/flexion rotation
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8
Q

List the anterior muscles of the upper cervical spine

A
  • longus colli
  • longus capitis
  • rectus capitis anterior
  • rectus capitis lateralis
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9
Q

List the posterior muscles of the upper cervical spine

A
  • rectus capitis posterior major
  • rectus capitis posterior minor
  • obliquus capitis inferior
  • obliquus capitis superior
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10
Q

What are the roles of the upper cervical spine muscles?

A

They are small/uni-segmental deep little muscles important for:
SPPPC:
- segmental motion control
- posture
- proprioception
- potential pain generators
- connections with visual and vestibular systems

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11
Q

Describe the anatomy of the adult (early 20s) cervical disc

A
  • no gelatinous nucleus
  • fibrocartilage + dense fibrous tissue
  • nucleus not fully surrounded by the annulus
  • no-load relief from the intra-abdominal or intra-thoracic pressure
  • disc pressure increases in end-range positions
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12
Q

Describe radiology of cervical disc degeneration

A
  • decreased disc space height
  • osteophytes (spurs) mostly anterior
  • end-plate sclerosis (end-plate is the top and bottom part of bone that surrounds the disc)
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13
Q

What is the function of cervical facet/zygapophyseal (z) joints?

A
  • guide and restrain movement according to their orientation
  • high mechanoreceptor innervation (mechanoreceptors are sensory receptors that responds to mechanical pressure)
  • potential pain source (trauma e.g. whiplash)
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14
Q

Describe the anatomy and function of uncovertebral (Luschska’s) joints

A
  • on lower 5 CS vertebral bodies (C3-C7)
  • sit laterally
  • in front of mixed nerve root and behind vertebral artery/vein
  • protect brachial plexus as less LF (lateral flexion)
  • guides anterior translation
  • Spond
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15
Q

List the anterior muscles in the lower cervical spine

A
  • sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
  • infrahyoid
  • suprahyoid
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16
Q

List the posterior muscles in the lower cervical spine

A
  • splenius capitis
  • splenius cervicis
  • semispinalis capitis
  • longissimus capitis
  • cervical multifidus
17
Q

What’s the difference between superficial and deep cervical muscles?

A
  • superficial have a greater torque to produce gross cervical movements
  • deep has a segmental attachment, large spindle densities and a role in guiding and supporting segmental movement
18
Q

What is the relationship between cervical spine and thorax?

A
  • sagittal orientation of cervico-thoracic junction dictates angle cervical lordosis
  • full excursion of Cx spine dictated by thoracic spine mobility
19
Q

Describe the motion kinematics of cervical spine (sagittal, horizontal, frontal plane)

A

Sagittal plane -

  • flexion - movement initiated and terminated lower Cx (C4-7)
  • C0-4 middle phase and C0-2 extension at EOR flexion

Horizontal and frontal plane (coupled movements lateral flexion and rotation) -

  • upper (C0-3) - contralateral LF and rotation coupling
  • (C2-3) - variable coupling
  • lower (C4-7) - ipsilateral LF and rotational coupling
20
Q

What is the relationship between cervical spine and shoulder girdle?

A
  • load transfer and protection of neurovascular structures
  • levator scapulae active in shoulder elevation - attachment to upper 4 Cx pull posterior to sagittal motion (Cx extension)

PHTY301 (1 decks)

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