Week 1 Flashcards
what is diagnostic imaging used for?
to view internal structure including; disease, lack of disease, further investigation, monitor progress, screening
what are the three types of imaging used?
picture, mirror and window
what are the most common types of diagnoses imaging?
radiograph and ultrasound
what does White represent on a X-ray?
bone
what does black represent on a X-ray?
gas
where in the body can NOT be seen by X-ray?
spinal cord and bladder
what is ultrasound?
uses electoral pulses with a probe to bounce of the object and produce an image, and be reflected, refracted and transmitted
what is an ultrasound used for?
soft tissue and real non-invasive quick results
What is the Hz range for an ultrasound?
2-12 million Hz
what is echogenicity?
no echos, anechoic (black) (fluid is black)
bone - 30% beam is reflected an acoustic shadow below bone
what does the oral cavity consist of?
lips, cheeks, pharynx and tongue, gums, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
what muscles are used for facial expression?
superficial muscles; thin, longnitidula fibres, transverse fibres.
Facial nerves; superficial course of nerve - Facial nerve (VII)
what nerve controls the muzzle, lips and teeth?
infraorbital nerve
what cells does the entire oral cavity consist of?
stratified squamous epithelium
different areas have different thickness of kerantinisaiton in cavity.
what is the pharynx made up of?
oropharynx
nasopharynx,
laryngeal pharynx
soft palate leads into hard palate. connected by palatoglossal arches.
what is the Hyoid apparatus?
small linear bone that help move the larynx, suspend the tongue and larynx
name the 5 hyoid bone pairs?
Stylohyoid Epihyoid Ceratohyoid Basihyoid Thyrohyoid (some elephants come by train)
what are the four main muscles groups of the tongue?
L/R Genioglossus
L/R Geniohyoideus
L/R Hyoglossus
L/R Styloglossus
what does L/R Genioglossus muscle do?
holds tongue to bottom of mouth and helps with movement out of oral cavity
what does L/R Geniohyoideus muscle do?
pulls tongue ventrally - flattens tongue in the mouth
what does L/R Hyoglossus muscle do?
pulls tongue to back of the mouth
what does L/R Styloglossus
muscle do?
pulls tongue dorsal and caudal back into physical region
what is the grove below the tongue holding the two mandibular bone together ?
Frenulum
how is a equine tongue different to a bovine tongue?
has filiform papillae (VELVET texture)
why are papillae presenting the bovine tongue?
bovine tongue used for prehesion (holding), used for mechanical function
name the four layers of papillae in the tongue?
Filiform
fungiform
vallate
foliate
describe filiform papillae?
purely mechanical function, move food to back of mouth, velvety covering on tongue
describe fungiform papillae?
taste sensation, sensory, small mushroom shape, contain taste buds.
describe vallate papillae?
sensory, largest and most prominent, sits deep trough at root of tongue
describe foliate papillae?
sensory, most easily seen rabbits. flat tops taste buds, in clefs of papillae
how does taste sensation work?
taste buds(sensory) innervated by fibres from cranial nerve VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal) or X (vagal)
describe swallowing?
bolus forms in oral cavity - pushed back into oropharynx by tongue - epiglottis and interphangeal osmium to nasopharynx closed, soft palate elevated - blows moved through pharynx into oesophagus by contraction of constructor muscles, larynx, and hyoid apparatus, moved rostrally - bolus passes into oesophagus
nerves used - mandibular, glossapharynxgeal and vagus
what are tonsils?
lymphoid tissues tat guard passage form nose to mouth, lateral walls of oropharynx.
where are the lymphatic centres of the head?
parotoid,
lateral retropharyngeal, medial retropharyngeal, mandibular centres
what is the system for naming teeth?
Triadian system
what number is the Right maximally PM3?
107
what is included in the basic anatomy of the tooth?
Crown Neck Root Surfaces Dentine Cement Pulp cavity
what is the clinical crown of the toot?
area of tooth that protrudes the gum and not covered.
what is dentine?
calcified-collagen rich matrix, odontoblasts remain active in life to produce dentine
what is cement in teeth?
collagen fibres attach tooth to socket, resistant to pressure
what is the pulp cavity?
external form of tooth, delicate connective tissue, highly vascular, lymphatic plexus, nerves and vessels exit via apical foramen.
what is Gingiva? (histology)
stratified squamous surface of the gum
what is the lamina propriia?
tissue that lies just below the gingiva
where is the periodontal ligament situated?
surrounds socket where tooth sits
what do odontoblasts do?
single layer of tall columnar cells, produce dentine, by calcification, when made odontoblastic process left behind. Dental pulp contains stellae fibroblast capillaries and nerve fibres.
what disease can effect the periodontal ligament?
periodontal disease
what is the tooth socket lined in?
lamina dura (dense bone)
what supplies blood to the mandibular teeth?
inferior alveoler
arterial artery
what supplies blood to maxillary teeth?
brach form maxillary artery
what nerve supply to mandibular teeth?
Inferior alveolar nerve, branch from Mandibular Nerve (V)
what nerve supply to maxillary teeth?
Infraorbital Nerve (branch from Maxillary Nerve (V))
what is tooth eruption?
deciduous tooth grows and full develop, permanent tooth crown forming, permanent tooth eroding root of deciduous tooth and rising into alveolus with root forming
describe the dentition formulae of DOG
temp - 3-1-3-0/3-1-3-0
perm - 3-1-4-2/3-1-4-3
describe the anatomy of dog teeth
incisors - small and loose
canines - large and curved firm attachment
PM - 1-4, PM1 - 1 cusp PM2 - 2 cusps PM3 - 2 cusps PM4 - 3 cusps
UM - 3 cusps
LM - 2 cusps
describe the dentition formulae of CAT
temp - 3-1-3/3-1-2
perm - 3-1-3-1/3-1-2-1
how is equine dentition adapted for abrasion?
teeth have enamel layer with multiple folds, - increases surface area for abrasiveness
describe the dentition formulae of horse
temp - 3-0-0/3-0-3
perm - 3-1-3(4)-3/3-1-3-3-
(4) = wolf tooth
describe equine incisors
continuous arch and will show a dental star before pulp is exposed, good way to ageing a horse
descibe equine canines
rudimentary, early seen in females, found in diastema, ‘icebergs’ larger than exposed tooth
describe equine premolar 1
wolf tooth - may be absent to vestigial - may cause bite problems
describe equine cheek teeth?
PM2-3 and M1-3
Upper CT - wider more complex enamel folding creates an infundibulate funnel for food
occlusion - upper teeth buccal to lower teeth
describe ruminant dentition formulae
temp - 0-0-3/3-1-3
perm - 0-0-3-3/3-1-3-3
describe ruminate dentition
no upper incisors or canines instead replaced by dental pad, 6 cheek teeth
describe the dental pad in ruminants?
crescent shaped with keratinised surface, mainly for grazing, lower incisor served against pad
describe porcine mention formulae
temp - 3-1-3-0/3-1-3-0
perm - 3-1-4-3/3-1-4-3
how many teeth are piglets born with?
8
what time period do temp teeth grow in pigs?
I1, PM3 and PM4 = 1-3 weeks
I2 and Pm2 - 2-3 months
what time period do perm teeth grow in pigs?
M1 = -6months
complete by 18 months
what does the ‘skull’ consist of?
skull mandible, hyoid apparatus, middle ear ossicles, external cartilages, ear, nose, larynx
what are the 3 types of dog skull?
Dolichocephalic - greyhound
Mesaticephalic - lab
Brachycephalic - bulldog
which skulls do NOT have a joint zygomatic arch?
dog and porcine
compare and contrast the bovine skull with porcine skull?
bovine - joint zygomatic arch facial tuberosity present on cheek infraobital foremen porcine - gap in zygomatic arch paracondykar process is very short thicker mandibular
how are the cheek teeth in an adult horse adapted for herbivore diet?
hpysodont teeth adapted for constant grinding action to produce small particles for efficient endogenous and microbial digestion. premolars are enlarged to match molars for even grinding surface. teeth are wider and more complex enamel folding pattern creating infundibulum. upper teeth buccal to lower teeth
what muscles are used for mastication?
digastrics (temporalis, masseter, and pterygoideus) closing of mouth
temporalis is used for cutting action
massager and pteruguoid used for grinding
what use is saliva?
mostens side of mouth, helps to breakdown CHO (using amylase) lubrication for swallowing, creates a bolus.
what are the major salivary glands?
parotoid, sublingual, mandibular zygomatic glands
drain via ducts
describe the parotid glands in horse?
largest gland, extends over masseter, main due runs medial and ventral mandible crosses and rises dental to masseter
describe the mandibular gland in horse?
crescent shaped, deep location
describe sublingual gland in horse?
diffuse only lies between tongue and medial mandible
describe buccal gland in horse?
2 rows along dorsal and ventral buccinator, dorsal more prominent
describe parotid duct in ruminants?
constantly active,
Sheep - duct runs across ventral masseter
describe mandibular gland in ruminants?
larger, flow increased when dry, Lobed.
describe sublingual gland in ruminants?
used close to mandibular gland
describe buccal gland in ruminants?
well developed glands
what are some common dental diseases in equine?
dental overgrowth parrot mouth (over jet) under jet over bite periodontal disease shear mouth
what is dental overgrowth in equine and what treatment can be given?
2-3mm/year the teeth grow so must be worn down that much for healthy teeth
more hard feed required and more grinding and mastication
occurs due to domestication of less hard food and more soft easy to eat food, so teeth develop ‘cusps’ that cause ulceration and shearing of mouth.
treatment - rasping, removes sharp enamel points
what is parrot mouth and what treatment can be given ?
upper incisors protrude rostral to lower incisors.
overbite - occlusal surfaces of the upper incisors are ventral to the lower.
what equipment is needed for an oral exam on horse?
head collar, adequate restraint, speculum, light source, dental syringe, mirror, dental probes, gloves, dental chart, manual + visual examination, canines, wolf teeth, palpate the cheek arcades, soft tissue, palpate buccal, tongue
how can periodontal disease be diagnosed?
nasal discharge can indicate, due to proximity of sinuses.
what is shear mouth and what is treatment for it?
abnormal steep angle of the meeting of upper and lower incisors and molars(cheek teeth) horse is incapable of sliding side to side in a natural circular chewing motion.
requires aggressive rasping, causes weight loss and gingival trauma.
