Week 1 Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
Name the three components of the nasal septum
A
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
Vomer
Septal cartilage
2
Q
Name the foramen that descend through the ethmoidal bone. Name the foramen between the sphenoid and palatine bone in the nasal cavity. Name the foramen that passes through the maxillary bone.
A
Anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramen
Sphenopalatine foramen
Incisive foramen
3
Q
From what artery does the anterior and posterior ethmoidal artery emerge?
A
Ophthalamic artery
4
Q
Name the plexus associated with the Nasal septum
A
Kiesselbach’s plexus
5
Q
Name the branches of the maxillary artery that supply the nasal cavity
A
Sphenopalatine artery
Greater Palatine artery
6
Q
The maxillary artery is a branch of the _____ ______ artery
A
External carotid
7
Q
The septal branch of the superior labial artery is from what artery?
A
Facial artery
8
Q
Name the five arteries that make up the Kiesselbach’s plexus
A
Posterior ethmoidal artery anterior ethmoidal artery Septal branch of the superior labial artery Sphenopalatine artery Greater Palatine artery
9
Q
What is the medical name for nose bleeds?
A
Epistaxis
10
Q
Give two alternative names for the external ear
A
Pinna
Auricle
11
Q
Which five nerves innervate the auricle of the ear?
A
C2 and C3
CNVII (Facial)
CNV3 (Maxillary division of trigeminal)
CNX (vagus)
12
Q
On which bone is found the Carotid canal
A
Temporal bone
13
Q
Into which fossa does the mandible sit?
A
Glenoid (mandibular) fossa
14
Q
What is the ear canal also called?
A
External Acoustic meatus
15
Q
Name the two “portions” of the temporal bone and the 3 processes of the temporal bone
A
Squamous portion Petrous portion zygomatic process mastoid process styloid process
16
Q
The pinna is composed of avascular ________ _______ and receives its nutrition from the ____.
A
Elastic cartilage
skin
17
Q
Name the glands that secrete earwax in the skin of the external acoustic meatus
A
Ceruminous glands
18
Q
Identify the 7 main features of the pinna (auricle)
A
Helix antihelix conchae tragus anti-tragus ear lobe External acoustic meatus
19
Q
Name the scope used to view the external acoustic meatus and the tympanic membrane
A
Otoscope
20
Q
In a young person the EAM is straight so you move the otoscope _____________ whereas in adults it is curved so you move the otoscope ______________.
A
Posteroinferiorly
Posterosuperiorly
21
Q
The thin part of the tympanic membrane which is found superiorly is called the ___________ whereas the thick part which is found ______________ is called the ________ ________
A
Pars flaccida
posteroinferiorly
Pars Tensa
22
Q
Name the most depressed part of the tympanic membrane
A
Umbo
23
Q
What is the name of the bones of the middle ear and what is their function?
A
Auditory Ossicles
Convey soundwaves from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear
24
Q
Name the three auditory ossicles laterally to medially
A
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
25
What type of joints are exhibited between the auditory ossicles?
Synovial joints
26
Name the muscle which inserts on the malleus and the muscle which inserts on the stapes
Tensor tympani
| Stapedius
27
Name the two parts of the tympanic cavity
Tympanic cavity proper
| Epitympanic membrane
28
The mucosa covering the tympanic cavity carries ______ information by the ____________ nerve CN ____.
sensory
glossopharyngeal nerve
CNIX
29
Name the opening in the posterior wall of the tympanic cavity
Mastoid aditus
30
Name four features of the medial wall of the tympanic cavity
Round window
Oval window- receives footplate of stapes
Promontory- formed by the cochlear
facial canal- contains facial nerve
31
What are the two main features of the anterior (carotid) wall of the tympanic cavity?
Chorda Tympani
| Eustachian tube
32
What is the Eustachian tube? What is it composed of? What is its function?
Tube that connects the Tympanic cavity to the nasopharynx.
1/3 bone and 2/3 cartilaginous.
Equalise air pressure between the middle ear and nasopharynx- cartilaginous section usually closed unless muscular contraction
33
Name the opening of the Eustachian tube into the nasopharynx
Torus Tubarius
34
Name 5 regions that have sensory innervation from the glossopharyngeal nerve CNIX
```
Middle ear cavity
Eustachian tube
Nasopharynx
oropharynx
palatine tonsils
```
35
What is otalgia?
Ear pain
36
How come tonsillitis and pharyngitis can cause otalgia?
Referred pain because connected by glossopharyngeal nerves
37
Identify the three parts of the bony labyrinth of the inner ear
```
Cochlear- spiral shaped cavity with round window
Vestibule- contains utricle and saccule and oval window which connects to the stapes
Semicircular canals (posterior, superior and lateral)
```
38
Which two semicircular canals of the ear originate from one stalk?
superior and posterior
39
What labyrinth is situated within the bony labyrinth?
Membranous labyrinth
40
Name the cells that convert the mechanical stimuli of the inner ear to neural stimuli?
Hair cells
41
The location of hair cells within the vestibular apparatus are located in the maculae of the _______ and
________, and the _________ of the semicircular ducts. These hair cells convey fluid motion into neural
stimuli, which travel to the CNS via the _____________ nerve, a division of the _______________ nerve CN____. The cell bodies for the neurons are located within the vestibular ganglion.
```
Utricle
Saccule
Ampullae
Vestibular
Vestibulocochlear
CNVIII
```
42
What is the name of the three fluid-filled channels within the cochlear?
What do you call the bony core which contains blood vessels and surrounds the cochlea?
Scala vestibuli
Scala Tympani
Cochlear duct
Modiolus
43
Where are the hair cells located in the cochlear?
The "organ of Corti" within the cochlear duct
44
What are the two main functions of the ear?
Hearing
| balance maintenance
45
Which nerve innervates the stapedius?
Facial nerve
46
Which two nerves innervate the external acoustic meatus?
Vagus nerve and maxillary branch of trigeminal
47
What is the significance of the increasing of size of the ossicles from lateral to medial?
Amplification of sound
48
Both the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles ________ sound because the tension they produce reduces the Ossicles ability to ________. They are both involved in the ______ reflex.
Dampen sound
vibrate
acoustic
49
Which nerve innervates the tensor tympani muscle?
CNV3
50
Name the muscles which open the Eustachian tube to equalise pressure in the tympanic cavity to the atmosphere
Palate muscles
51
Normally atmospheric air pressure is _______ to Tympanic air pressure.
Equal
52
Identify three ways by which the palate muscle can be contracted
Coughing
yawning
swallowing
53
Name an infection associated with tonsilitis and pharyngitis
Otitis media (inflammation of the middle ear)
54
What is mastoiditis?
Inflammation of the mastoid aditius which can cause osteomyelitis
55
What is the capsule which encloses the bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth called?
Otic capsule
56
What fluid fills the bony labyrinth and which fills the membranous labyrinth?
Perilymph
| Endolymph from the endolymphatic sac
57
What is the pinnacle of the cochlear called?
Helicotrema
58
The semicircular ducts detect _____ movement change, whereas the utricle and saccule detect _______ movement change.
Angular
| Linear (utricle horizontal, saccule vertical)
59
Name the three contents of the internal acoustic meatus
Vestibulocochlear nerves
Facial nerve
Labyrinthine artery and veins
60
The temporal portion of the facial nerve exits via the __________ ________.
Stylomastoid foramen
61
What is the parasympathetic ganglion of the facial nerve?
Pterygopalatine ganglion
62
The skull can be divided into the _____________ and _______________.
Neurocranium and viscerocranium
63
Name the sutural intersection between the parietal, temporal, frontal and sphenoid bone
Pterion
64
What is the name of 1. C1 and 2. C2?
```
C1= atlas (has occipital condyles)
C2= axis (
```
65
Name 7 surface features of the nose
```
Root
ala
nares/nostrils
tip
dorsum
septum
philtrum
```
66
What gives structure to the superior and middle conchae? What about the inferior conchae?
Ethmoid bone
| Inferior conchae bone
67
Why are the conchae also called turbinates?
They are thought to create turbulent air flow to allow more time for air modification before it enters the lungs
68
Name the space above and below the superior nasal conchae
Sphenoethmoidal recess
| Superior Meatus
69
Name the four sinuses of the anterior cranium
frontal sinuses
maxillary sinuses
ethmoid air spaces
sphenoid sinus
70
Identify two features that are unique to the middle meatus
ethmoidal bulla
| Semilunar hiatus
71
Name the three divisions of the pharynx
Oropharynx
nasopharynx
laryngopharynx
72
Where are the palatine and lingual tonsils located?
Oropharynx
73
Name the three regions of the larynx
Laryngeal vestibule
Laryngeal ventricles
Infra-glottic cavity
74
Name the membrane which connects the hyoid bone to the thyroid cartilage
Thyrohyoid membrane
75
Name the two major joints of the laryngeal skeleton
cricoarytenoid joint
| cricothyroid joint
76
origin of the trapezius muscle?
External Occipital protuberance
77
Name the connection of the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity. Which gland opens here?
Lingual frenulum
| Submandibular gland
78
What is the vallecula?
The space between the base of the tongue and the anterior aspect of the epiglottis
79
```
Olfactory pathway:
Receptor cells in the _________epithelium
Pass up through _________ plate
Synapse with olfactory ______ (ganglia)
Then neurons pass along _________ _____
To ________ lobe and olfactory areas
```
```
Olfactory
Cribriform
Bulb
Olfactory tract
Temporal
```
80
Name the eight branches of the external carotid artery
```
Superior thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Posterior auricular
Maxillary
Superficial temporal
```
81
Name the four types of tongue papillae
Filliform- no taste buds
Fungiform
Foliate
Vallate
82
Which nerve supplies taste afferent innervation to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue and which supplies the posterior third?
Anterior- Chorda tympani branch of facial nerve
| Posterior- glossopharyngeal
83
What is taste also known as?
Gustation
84
What are the five primary tastes
```
bitter
sweet
salty
sour
Umami
```
85
Define ageusia, dysgeusia, hypogeusia
ageusia- loss of taste
hypogeusia- reduction of taste
dysgeusia- distortion of taste
86
Define anosmia, dysosmia, hyposmia, phantosmia
anosmia- loss of smell
dysosmia- distorted smell
hyposmia- reduced sense of smell
phantosmia- olfactory hallucination
87
Give some causes of abnormality in smell
```
Nasal polyps
Rhinitis
Nasal mass
Medications
Viral
Head trauma
Parkinson's/Alzheimer's
Brain tumours
```
88
How does loss of smell effect quality of life?
Concerns over smell
loss of libido
loss of interest in food/nutrition
Effects jobs e.g. chef or firefighter
89
What is the functional unit of the Cochlear?
Inner hair cells
90
Where is auditory information processed?
Posterior superior temporal gyrus
| Brodman areas 41/42
91
From what stage onwards can the unborn child hear? From what stage in normal development do children begin speaking?
18 weeks
| 12 months onwards
92
Identify two diseases associated with Coxsackie viruses
HFMD (hand, foot and mouth disease)- Oral exanthem and rash on hands and feet
Herpangina- causes fever and oral exanthem
93
What bacteria causes syphilis?
Treponema Pallidum
94
What is commonly mistaken for herpes simplex infection?
Apthous ulcers
95
Give three non-infectious causes of acute sore throat
Physical irritation from GORD
Chronic cigarette smoke
hayfever
96
The most common cause of sore throat is bacterial or viral infection. If the infection persists into the second week and the patient is 15-25yrs old what should be suspected?
Mononucleosis (Glandular fever) which is caused by Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
97
Identify 4 complications of Acute bacterial/viral throat infection
Peritonsillar abscess (Qunisy)
Otitis Media
Parapharyngeal abscess
Lemierre syndrome
98
What self-care would you recommend to a throat infection patient?
Regular paracetamol/ibuprofen
| Medicated Lozenges
99
What bacteria most commonly causes sore throat? What is this known as? How is it treated? What precautions are needed for patients with this?
Streptococcus Pyrogenes
Acute follicular tonsilitis
Penicillin
Isolation ward, PPE
100
Give two complications of strep pyrogenes
Glomerulonephritis
| Rheumatic fever
101
Name the criteria used to identify whether an infection is caused by GAbHS
```
CENTOR criteria
1. Tonsillar exudate
2. history of fever
3. absence of cough
4. tender anterior cervical lymph nodes
feverPAIN score
```
102
What sign is characteristic of Diphtheria?
Grey/white pseudomembrane over pharynx
103
What is Malignant Otitis?
Malignant (necrotising) otitis externa is an extension of otitis externa into the bone surrounding the ear canal (i.e. the mastoid and temporal bones).
Without treatment, is a fatal condition. Osteomyelitis will progressively involve the skull and meninges
104
What is the vermillion border?
The border between the lips and the rest of the face
105
Name the muscle that surrounds the mouth
Orbicularis Oris
106
Identify the muscles that 1. close the mandible and 2. open the mandible
1. Temporalis, medial pterygoid, masseter
| 2. Lateral pterygoid
107
Name the four extrinsic muscles of the tongue
```
Genioglossus
hyoglossus
styloglossus
palatoglossus
All supplied by glossophayngeal but palatoglossus (vagus)
```
108
Name the 5 muscles of the soft palate
```
tensor veli palatini
Levator veli palatini
palatoglossus
palatopharyngeus
musculus uvulae
```
109
Name the four tonsils found in Waldeyer's tonsilar ring
Pharyngeal tonsils
tubal tonsils
palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils
110
Name the three muscles which constrict the pharynx
Superior pharyngeal constrictor
middle " "
inferior " "
111
Name the muscle that relaxes the vocal ligament and the muscle that tenses the vocal ligament
relaxes (decreasing pitch)- Thyroarytenoid
| tenses (increasing pitch)- Cricothyroid
112
What epithelium covers the hard palate?
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
113
Name the three muscles which move the hyoid bone anteriorly when contracted
Digastric
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
114
What is vestibular schwannoma?
tumour of vestibular portion of vestibulocochlear nerve
115
What branches of a nerve supply the muscles of the larynx?
Laryngeal branches of the vagus nerve CNX
| All intrinsic muscles supplied by inferior laryngeal nerve but cricothyroid (superior laryngeal)
116
Name the branch of the vagus nerve that passes posterior to the aortic arch
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
117
what supplies sensory innervation to the mucosa above the supraglottis and below the supraglottis.
1. Internal laryngeal
| 2. inferior laryngeal
