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ENT > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three components of the nasal septum

A

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
Vomer
Septal cartilage

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2
Q

Name the foramen that descend through the ethmoidal bone. Name the foramen between the sphenoid and palatine bone in the nasal cavity. Name the foramen that passes through the maxillary bone.

A

Anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramen
Sphenopalatine foramen
Incisive foramen

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3
Q

From what artery does the anterior and posterior ethmoidal artery emerge?

A

Ophthalamic artery

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4
Q

Name the plexus associated with the Nasal septum

A

Kiesselbach’s plexus

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5
Q

Name the branches of the maxillary artery that supply the nasal cavity

A

Sphenopalatine artery

Greater Palatine artery

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6
Q

The maxillary artery is a branch of the _____ ______ artery

A

External carotid

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7
Q

The septal branch of the superior labial artery is from what artery?

A

Facial artery

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8
Q

Name the five arteries that make up the Kiesselbach’s plexus

A 
Posterior ethmoidal artery
anterior ethmoidal artery
Septal branch of the superior labial artery
Sphenopalatine artery
Greater Palatine artery
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9
Q

What is the medical name for nose bleeds?

A

Epistaxis

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10
Q

Give two alternative names for the external ear

A

Pinna

Auricle

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11
Q

Which five nerves innervate the auricle of the ear?

A

C2 and C3
CNVII (Facial)
CNV3 (Maxillary division of trigeminal)
CNX (vagus)

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12
Q

On which bone is found the Carotid canal

A

Temporal bone

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13
Q

Into which fossa does the mandible sit?

A

Glenoid (mandibular) fossa

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14
Q

What is the ear canal also called?

A

External Acoustic meatus

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15
Q

Name the two “portions” of the temporal bone and the 3 processes of the temporal bone

A 
Squamous portion
Petrous portion
zygomatic process
mastoid process
styloid process
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16
Q

The pinna is composed of avascular ________ _______ and receives its nutrition from the ____.

A

Elastic cartilage

skin

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17
Q

Name the glands that secrete earwax in the skin of the external acoustic meatus

A

Ceruminous glands

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18
Q

Identify the 7 main features of the pinna (auricle)

A 
Helix
antihelix
conchae
tragus
anti-tragus
ear lobe
External acoustic meatus
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19
Q

Name the scope used to view the external acoustic meatus and the tympanic membrane

A

Otoscope

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20
Q

In a young person the EAM is straight so you move the otoscope _____________ whereas in adults it is curved so you move the otoscope ______________.

A

Posteroinferiorly

Posterosuperiorly

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21
Q

The thin part of the tympanic membrane which is found superiorly is called the ___________ whereas the thick part which is found ______________ is called the ________ ________

A

Pars flaccida
posteroinferiorly
Pars Tensa

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22
Q

Name the most depressed part of the tympanic membrane

A

Umbo

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23
Q

What is the name of the bones of the middle ear and what is their function?

A

Auditory Ossicles

Convey soundwaves from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear

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24
Q

Name the three auditory ossicles laterally to medially

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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25
Q

What type of joints are exhibited between the auditory ossicles?

A

Synovial joints

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26
Q

Name the muscle which inserts on the malleus and the muscle which inserts on the stapes

A

Tensor tympani

Stapedius

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27
Q

Name the two parts of the tympanic cavity

A

Tympanic cavity proper

Epitympanic membrane

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28
Q

The mucosa covering the tympanic cavity carries ______ information by the ____________ nerve CN ____.

A

sensory
glossopharyngeal nerve
CNIX

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29
Q

Name the opening in the posterior wall of the tympanic cavity

A

Mastoid aditus

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30
Q

Name four features of the medial wall of the tympanic cavity

A

Round window
Oval window- receives footplate of stapes
Promontory- formed by the cochlear
facial canal- contains facial nerve

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31
Q

What are the two main features of the anterior (carotid) wall of the tympanic cavity?

A

Chorda Tympani

Eustachian tube

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32
Q

What is the Eustachian tube? What is it composed of? What is its function?

A

Tube that connects the Tympanic cavity to the nasopharynx.
1/3 bone and 2/3 cartilaginous.
Equalise air pressure between the middle ear and nasopharynx- cartilaginous section usually closed unless muscular contraction

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33
Q

Name the opening of the Eustachian tube into the nasopharynx

A

Torus Tubarius

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34
Q

Name 5 regions that have sensory innervation from the glossopharyngeal nerve CNIX

A 
Middle ear cavity
Eustachian tube 
Nasopharynx
oropharynx
palatine tonsils
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35
Q

What is otalgia?

A

Ear pain

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36
Q

How come tonsillitis and pharyngitis can cause otalgia?

A

Referred pain because connected by glossopharyngeal nerves

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37
Q

Identify the three parts of the bony labyrinth of the inner ear

A 
Cochlear- spiral shaped cavity with round window
Vestibule- contains utricle and saccule and oval window which connects to the stapes
Semicircular canals (posterior, superior and lateral)
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38
Q

Which two semicircular canals of the ear originate from one stalk?

A

superior and posterior

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39
Q

What labyrinth is situated within the bony labyrinth?

A

Membranous labyrinth

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40
Q

Name the cells that convert the mechanical stimuli of the inner ear to neural stimuli?

A

Hair cells

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41
Q

The location of hair cells within the vestibular apparatus are located in the maculae of the _______ and
________, and the _________ of the semicircular ducts. These hair cells convey fluid motion into neural
stimuli, which travel to the CNS via the _____________ nerve, a division of the _______________ nerve CN____. The cell bodies for the neurons are located within the vestibular ganglion.

A 
Utricle
Saccule
Ampullae
Vestibular
Vestibulocochlear 
CNVIII
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42
Q

What is the name of the three fluid-filled channels within the cochlear?
What do you call the bony core which contains blood vessels and surrounds the cochlea?

A

Scala vestibuli
Scala Tympani
Cochlear duct
Modiolus

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43
Q

Where are the hair cells located in the cochlear?

A

The “organ of Corti” within the cochlear duct

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44
Q

What are the two main functions of the ear?

A

Hearing

balance maintenance

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45
Q

Which nerve innervates the stapedius?

A

Facial nerve

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46
Q

Which two nerves innervate the external acoustic meatus?

A

Vagus nerve and maxillary branch of trigeminal

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47
Q

What is the significance of the increasing of size of the ossicles from lateral to medial?

A

Amplification of sound

48
Q

Both the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles ________ sound because the tension they produce reduces the Ossicles ability to ________. They are both involved in the ______ reflex.

A

Dampen sound
vibrate
acoustic

49
Q

Which nerve innervates the tensor tympani muscle?

A

CNV3

50
Q

Name the muscles which open the Eustachian tube to equalise pressure in the tympanic cavity to the atmosphere

A

Palate muscles

51
Q

Normally atmospheric air pressure is _______ to Tympanic air pressure.

A

Equal

52
Q

Identify three ways by which the palate muscle can be contracted

A

Coughing
yawning
swallowing

53
Q

Name an infection associated with tonsilitis and pharyngitis

A

Otitis media (inflammation of the middle ear)

54
Q

What is mastoiditis?

A

Inflammation of the mastoid aditius which can cause osteomyelitis

55
Q

What is the capsule which encloses the bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth called?

A

Otic capsule

56
Q

What fluid fills the bony labyrinth and which fills the membranous labyrinth?

A

Perilymph

Endolymph from the endolymphatic sac

57
Q

What is the pinnacle of the cochlear called?

A

Helicotrema

58
Q

The semicircular ducts detect _____ movement change, whereas the utricle and saccule detect _______ movement change.

A

Angular

Linear (utricle horizontal, saccule vertical)

59
Q

Name the three contents of the internal acoustic meatus

A

Vestibulocochlear nerves
Facial nerve
Labyrinthine artery and veins

60
Q

The temporal portion of the facial nerve exits via the __________ ________.

A

Stylomastoid foramen

61
Q

What is the parasympathetic ganglion of the facial nerve?

A

Pterygopalatine ganglion

62
Q

The skull can be divided into the _____________ and _______________.

A

Neurocranium and viscerocranium

63
Q

Name the sutural intersection between the parietal, temporal, frontal and sphenoid bone

A

Pterion

64
Q

What is the name of 1. C1 and 2. C2?

A 
C1= atlas (has occipital condyles)
C2= axis (
65
Q

Name 7 surface features of the nose

A 
Root
ala
nares/nostrils
tip
dorsum
septum
philtrum
66
Q

What gives structure to the superior and middle conchae? What about the inferior conchae?

A

Ethmoid bone

Inferior conchae bone

67
Q

Why are the conchae also called turbinates?

A

They are thought to create turbulent air flow to allow more time for air modification before it enters the lungs

68
Q

Name the space above and below the superior nasal conchae

A

Sphenoethmoidal recess

Superior Meatus

69
Q

Name the four sinuses of the anterior cranium

A

frontal sinuses
maxillary sinuses
ethmoid air spaces
sphenoid sinus

70
Q

Identify two features that are unique to the middle meatus

A

ethmoidal bulla

Semilunar hiatus

71
Q

Name the three divisions of the pharynx

A

Oropharynx
nasopharynx
laryngopharynx

72
Q

Where are the palatine and lingual tonsils located?

A

Oropharynx

73
Q

Name the three regions of the larynx

A

Laryngeal vestibule
Laryngeal ventricles
Infra-glottic cavity

74
Q

Name the membrane which connects the hyoid bone to the thyroid cartilage

A

Thyrohyoid membrane

75
Q

Name the two major joints of the laryngeal skeleton

A

cricoarytenoid joint

cricothyroid joint

76
Q

origin of the trapezius muscle?

A

External Occipital protuberance

77
Q

Name the connection of the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity. Which gland opens here?

A

Lingual frenulum

Submandibular gland

78
Q

What is the vallecula?

A

The space between the base of the tongue and the anterior aspect of the epiglottis

79
Q 
Olfactory pathway:
Receptor cells in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_epithelium
Pass up through \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ plate
Synapse with olfactory \_\_\_\_\_\_ (ganglia)
Then neurons pass along \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_
To \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ lobe and olfactory areas
A 
Olfactory
Cribriform
Bulb
Olfactory tract
Temporal
80
Q

Name the eight branches of the external carotid artery

A 
Superior thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Posterior auricular
Maxillary
Superficial temporal
81
Q

Name the four types of tongue papillae

A

Filliform- no taste buds
Fungiform
Foliate
Vallate

82
Q

Which nerve supplies taste afferent innervation to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue and which supplies the posterior third?

A

Anterior- Chorda tympani branch of facial nerve

Posterior- glossopharyngeal

83
Q

What is taste also known as?

A

Gustation

84
Q

What are the five primary tastes

A 
bitter
sweet
salty
sour
Umami
85
Q

Define ageusia, dysgeusia, hypogeusia

A

ageusia- loss of taste
hypogeusia- reduction of taste
dysgeusia- distortion of taste

86
Q

Define anosmia, dysosmia, hyposmia, phantosmia

A

anosmia- loss of smell
dysosmia- distorted smell
hyposmia- reduced sense of smell
phantosmia- olfactory hallucination

87
Q

Give some causes of abnormality in smell

A 
Nasal polyps
Rhinitis
Nasal mass
Medications
Viral
Head trauma
Parkinson's/Alzheimer's
Brain tumours
88
Q

How does loss of smell effect quality of life?

A

Concerns over smell
loss of libido
loss of interest in food/nutrition
Effects jobs e.g. chef or firefighter

89
Q

What is the functional unit of the Cochlear?

A

Inner hair cells

90
Q

Where is auditory information processed?

A

Posterior superior temporal gyrus

Brodman areas 41/42

91
Q

From what stage onwards can the unborn child hear? From what stage in normal development do children begin speaking?

A

18 weeks

12 months onwards

92
Q

Identify two diseases associated with Coxsackie viruses

A

HFMD (hand, foot and mouth disease)- Oral exanthem and rash on hands and feet
Herpangina- causes fever and oral exanthem

93
Q

What bacteria causes syphilis?

A

Treponema Pallidum

94
Q

What is commonly mistaken for herpes simplex infection?

A

Apthous ulcers

95
Q

Give three non-infectious causes of acute sore throat

A

Physical irritation from GORD
Chronic cigarette smoke
hayfever

96
Q

The most common cause of sore throat is bacterial or viral infection. If the infection persists into the second week and the patient is 15-25yrs old what should be suspected?

A

Mononucleosis (Glandular fever) which is caused by Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

97
Q

Identify 4 complications of Acute bacterial/viral throat infection

A

Peritonsillar abscess (Qunisy)
Otitis Media
Parapharyngeal abscess
Lemierre syndrome

98
Q

What self-care would you recommend to a throat infection patient?

A

Regular paracetamol/ibuprofen

Medicated Lozenges

99
Q

What bacteria most commonly causes sore throat? What is this known as? How is it treated? What precautions are needed for patients with this?

A

Streptococcus Pyrogenes
Acute follicular tonsilitis
Penicillin
Isolation ward, PPE

100
Q

Give two complications of strep pyrogenes

A

Glomerulonephritis

Rheumatic fever

101
Q

Name the criteria used to identify whether an infection is caused by GAbHS

A 
CENTOR criteria
1. Tonsillar exudate
2. history of fever 
3. absence of cough
4. tender anterior cervical lymph nodes
feverPAIN score
102
Q

What sign is characteristic of Diphtheria?

A

Grey/white pseudomembrane over pharynx

103
Q

What is Malignant Otitis?

A

Malignant (necrotising) otitis externa is an extension of otitis externa into the bone surrounding the ear canal (i.e. the mastoid and temporal bones).
Without treatment, is a fatal condition. Osteomyelitis will progressively involve the skull and meninges

104
Q

What is the vermillion border?

A

The border between the lips and the rest of the face

105
Q

Name the muscle that surrounds the mouth

A

Orbicularis Oris

106
Q

Identify the muscles that 1. close the mandible and 2. open the mandible

A
  1. Temporalis, medial pterygoid, masseter

2. Lateral pterygoid

107
Q

Name the four extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A 
Genioglossus
hyoglossus
styloglossus
palatoglossus
All supplied by glossophayngeal but palatoglossus (vagus)
108
Q

Name the 5 muscles of the soft palate

A 
tensor veli palatini
Levator veli palatini
palatoglossus
palatopharyngeus
musculus uvulae
109
Q

Name the four tonsils found in Waldeyer’s tonsilar ring

A

Pharyngeal tonsils
tubal tonsils
palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils

110
Q

Name the three muscles which constrict the pharynx

A

Superior pharyngeal constrictor
middle “ “
inferior “ “

111
Q

Name the muscle that relaxes the vocal ligament and the muscle that tenses the vocal ligament

A

relaxes (decreasing pitch)- Thyroarytenoid

tenses (increasing pitch)- Cricothyroid

112
Q

What epithelium covers the hard palate?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

113
Q

Name the three muscles which move the hyoid bone anteriorly when contracted

A

Digastric
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid

114
Q

What is vestibular schwannoma?

A

tumour of vestibular portion of vestibulocochlear nerve

115
Q

What branches of a nerve supply the muscles of the larynx?

A

Laryngeal branches of the vagus nerve CNX

All intrinsic muscles supplied by inferior laryngeal nerve but cricothyroid (superior laryngeal)

116
Q

Name the branch of the vagus nerve that passes posterior to the aortic arch

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

117
Q

what supplies sensory innervation to the mucosa above the supraglottis and below the supraglottis.

A
  1. Internal laryngeal

2. inferior laryngeal

ENT (2 decks)

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