Week 1 Flashcards
Name the three components of the nasal septum
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
Vomer
Septal cartilage
Name the foramen that descend through the ethmoidal bone. Name the foramen between the sphenoid and palatine bone in the nasal cavity. Name the foramen that passes through the maxillary bone.
Anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramen
Sphenopalatine foramen
Incisive foramen
From what artery does the anterior and posterior ethmoidal artery emerge?
Ophthalamic artery
Name the plexus associated with the Nasal septum
Kiesselbach’s plexus
Name the branches of the maxillary artery that supply the nasal cavity
Sphenopalatine artery
Greater Palatine artery
The maxillary artery is a branch of the _____ ______ artery
External carotid
The septal branch of the superior labial artery is from what artery?
Facial artery
Name the five arteries that make up the Kiesselbach’s plexus
Posterior ethmoidal artery anterior ethmoidal artery Septal branch of the superior labial artery Sphenopalatine artery Greater Palatine artery
What is the medical name for nose bleeds?
Epistaxis
Give two alternative names for the external ear
Pinna
Auricle
Which five nerves innervate the auricle of the ear?
C2 and C3
CNVII (Facial)
CNV3 (Maxillary division of trigeminal)
CNX (vagus)
On which bone is found the Carotid canal
Temporal bone
Into which fossa does the mandible sit?
Glenoid (mandibular) fossa
What is the ear canal also called?
External Acoustic meatus
Name the two “portions” of the temporal bone and the 3 processes of the temporal bone
Squamous portion Petrous portion zygomatic process mastoid process styloid process
The pinna is composed of avascular ________ _______ and receives its nutrition from the ____.
Elastic cartilage
skin
Name the glands that secrete earwax in the skin of the external acoustic meatus
Ceruminous glands
Identify the 7 main features of the pinna (auricle)
Helix antihelix conchae tragus anti-tragus ear lobe External acoustic meatus
Name the scope used to view the external acoustic meatus and the tympanic membrane
Otoscope
In a young person the EAM is straight so you move the otoscope _____________ whereas in adults it is curved so you move the otoscope ______________.
Posteroinferiorly
Posterosuperiorly
The thin part of the tympanic membrane which is found superiorly is called the ___________ whereas the thick part which is found ______________ is called the ________ ________
Pars flaccida
posteroinferiorly
Pars Tensa
Name the most depressed part of the tympanic membrane
Umbo
What is the name of the bones of the middle ear and what is their function?
Auditory Ossicles
Convey soundwaves from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear
Name the three auditory ossicles laterally to medially
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
What type of joints are exhibited between the auditory ossicles?
Synovial joints
Name the muscle which inserts on the malleus and the muscle which inserts on the stapes
Tensor tympani
Stapedius
Name the two parts of the tympanic cavity
Tympanic cavity proper
Epitympanic membrane
The mucosa covering the tympanic cavity carries ______ information by the ____________ nerve CN ____.
sensory
glossopharyngeal nerve
CNIX
Name the opening in the posterior wall of the tympanic cavity
Mastoid aditus
Name four features of the medial wall of the tympanic cavity
Round window
Oval window- receives footplate of stapes
Promontory- formed by the cochlear
facial canal- contains facial nerve
What are the two main features of the anterior (carotid) wall of the tympanic cavity?
Chorda Tympani
Eustachian tube
What is the Eustachian tube? What is it composed of? What is its function?
Tube that connects the Tympanic cavity to the nasopharynx.
1/3 bone and 2/3 cartilaginous.
Equalise air pressure between the middle ear and nasopharynx- cartilaginous section usually closed unless muscular contraction
Name the opening of the Eustachian tube into the nasopharynx
Torus Tubarius
Name 5 regions that have sensory innervation from the glossopharyngeal nerve CNIX
Middle ear cavity Eustachian tube Nasopharynx oropharynx palatine tonsils
What is otalgia?
Ear pain
How come tonsillitis and pharyngitis can cause otalgia?
Referred pain because connected by glossopharyngeal nerves
Identify the three parts of the bony labyrinth of the inner ear
Cochlear- spiral shaped cavity with round window Vestibule- contains utricle and saccule and oval window which connects to the stapes Semicircular canals (posterior, superior and lateral)
Which two semicircular canals of the ear originate from one stalk?
superior and posterior
What labyrinth is situated within the bony labyrinth?
Membranous labyrinth
Name the cells that convert the mechanical stimuli of the inner ear to neural stimuli?
Hair cells
The location of hair cells within the vestibular apparatus are located in the maculae of the _______ and
________, and the _________ of the semicircular ducts. These hair cells convey fluid motion into neural
stimuli, which travel to the CNS via the _____________ nerve, a division of the _______________ nerve CN____. The cell bodies for the neurons are located within the vestibular ganglion.
Utricle Saccule Ampullae Vestibular Vestibulocochlear CNVIII
What is the name of the three fluid-filled channels within the cochlear?
What do you call the bony core which contains blood vessels and surrounds the cochlea?
Scala vestibuli
Scala Tympani
Cochlear duct
Modiolus
Where are the hair cells located in the cochlear?
The “organ of Corti” within the cochlear duct
What are the two main functions of the ear?
Hearing
balance maintenance
Which nerve innervates the stapedius?
Facial nerve
Which two nerves innervate the external acoustic meatus?
Vagus nerve and maxillary branch of trigeminal
What is the significance of the increasing of size of the ossicles from lateral to medial?
Amplification of sound
Both the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles ________ sound because the tension they produce reduces the Ossicles ability to ________. They are both involved in the ______ reflex.
Dampen sound
vibrate
acoustic
Which nerve innervates the tensor tympani muscle?
CNV3
Name the muscles which open the Eustachian tube to equalise pressure in the tympanic cavity to the atmosphere
Palate muscles
Normally atmospheric air pressure is _______ to Tympanic air pressure.
Equal
Identify three ways by which the palate muscle can be contracted
Coughing
yawning
swallowing
Name an infection associated with tonsilitis and pharyngitis
Otitis media (inflammation of the middle ear)
What is mastoiditis?
Inflammation of the mastoid aditius which can cause osteomyelitis
What is the capsule which encloses the bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth called?
Otic capsule
What fluid fills the bony labyrinth and which fills the membranous labyrinth?
Perilymph
Endolymph from the endolymphatic sac
What is the pinnacle of the cochlear called?
Helicotrema
The semicircular ducts detect _____ movement change, whereas the utricle and saccule detect _______ movement change.
Angular
Linear (utricle horizontal, saccule vertical)
Name the three contents of the internal acoustic meatus
Vestibulocochlear nerves
Facial nerve
Labyrinthine artery and veins
The temporal portion of the facial nerve exits via the __________ ________.
Stylomastoid foramen
What is the parasympathetic ganglion of the facial nerve?
Pterygopalatine ganglion
The skull can be divided into the _____________ and _______________.
Neurocranium and viscerocranium
Name the sutural intersection between the parietal, temporal, frontal and sphenoid bone
Pterion
What is the name of 1. C1 and 2. C2?
C1= atlas (has occipital condyles) C2= axis (
Name 7 surface features of the nose
Root ala nares/nostrils tip dorsum septum philtrum
What gives structure to the superior and middle conchae? What about the inferior conchae?
Ethmoid bone
Inferior conchae bone
Why are the conchae also called turbinates?
They are thought to create turbulent air flow to allow more time for air modification before it enters the lungs
Name the space above and below the superior nasal conchae
Sphenoethmoidal recess
Superior Meatus
Name the four sinuses of the anterior cranium
frontal sinuses
maxillary sinuses
ethmoid air spaces
sphenoid sinus
Identify two features that are unique to the middle meatus
ethmoidal bulla
Semilunar hiatus
Name the three divisions of the pharynx
Oropharynx
nasopharynx
laryngopharynx
Where are the palatine and lingual tonsils located?
Oropharynx
Name the three regions of the larynx
Laryngeal vestibule
Laryngeal ventricles
Infra-glottic cavity
Name the membrane which connects the hyoid bone to the thyroid cartilage
Thyrohyoid membrane
Name the two major joints of the laryngeal skeleton
cricoarytenoid joint
cricothyroid joint
origin of the trapezius muscle?
External Occipital protuberance
Name the connection of the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity. Which gland opens here?
Lingual frenulum
Submandibular gland
What is the vallecula?
The space between the base of the tongue and the anterior aspect of the epiglottis
Olfactory pathway: Receptor cells in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_epithelium Pass up through \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ plate Synapse with olfactory \_\_\_\_\_\_ (ganglia) Then neurons pass along \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_ To \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ lobe and olfactory areas
Olfactory Cribriform Bulb Olfactory tract Temporal
Name the eight branches of the external carotid artery
Superior thyroid Ascending pharyngeal Lingual Facial Occipital Posterior auricular Maxillary Superficial temporal
Name the four types of tongue papillae
Filliform- no taste buds
Fungiform
Foliate
Vallate
Which nerve supplies taste afferent innervation to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue and which supplies the posterior third?
Anterior- Chorda tympani branch of facial nerve
Posterior- glossopharyngeal
What is taste also known as?
Gustation
What are the five primary tastes
bitter sweet salty sour Umami
Define ageusia, dysgeusia, hypogeusia
ageusia- loss of taste
hypogeusia- reduction of taste
dysgeusia- distortion of taste
Define anosmia, dysosmia, hyposmia, phantosmia
anosmia- loss of smell
dysosmia- distorted smell
hyposmia- reduced sense of smell
phantosmia- olfactory hallucination
Give some causes of abnormality in smell
Nasal polyps Rhinitis Nasal mass Medications Viral Head trauma Parkinson's/Alzheimer's Brain tumours
How does loss of smell effect quality of life?
Concerns over smell
loss of libido
loss of interest in food/nutrition
Effects jobs e.g. chef or firefighter
What is the functional unit of the Cochlear?
Inner hair cells
Where is auditory information processed?
Posterior superior temporal gyrus
Brodman areas 41/42
From what stage onwards can the unborn child hear? From what stage in normal development do children begin speaking?
18 weeks
12 months onwards
Identify two diseases associated with Coxsackie viruses
HFMD (hand, foot and mouth disease)- Oral exanthem and rash on hands and feet
Herpangina- causes fever and oral exanthem
What bacteria causes syphilis?
Treponema Pallidum
What is commonly mistaken for herpes simplex infection?
Apthous ulcers
Give three non-infectious causes of acute sore throat
Physical irritation from GORD
Chronic cigarette smoke
hayfever
The most common cause of sore throat is bacterial or viral infection. If the infection persists into the second week and the patient is 15-25yrs old what should be suspected?
Mononucleosis (Glandular fever) which is caused by Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
Identify 4 complications of Acute bacterial/viral throat infection
Peritonsillar abscess (Qunisy)
Otitis Media
Parapharyngeal abscess
Lemierre syndrome
What self-care would you recommend to a throat infection patient?
Regular paracetamol/ibuprofen
Medicated Lozenges
What bacteria most commonly causes sore throat? What is this known as? How is it treated? What precautions are needed for patients with this?
Streptococcus Pyrogenes
Acute follicular tonsilitis
Penicillin
Isolation ward, PPE
Give two complications of strep pyrogenes
Glomerulonephritis
Rheumatic fever
Name the criteria used to identify whether an infection is caused by GAbHS
CENTOR criteria 1. Tonsillar exudate 2. history of fever 3. absence of cough 4. tender anterior cervical lymph nodes feverPAIN score
What sign is characteristic of Diphtheria?
Grey/white pseudomembrane over pharynx
What is Malignant Otitis?
Malignant (necrotising) otitis externa is an extension of otitis externa into the bone surrounding the ear canal (i.e. the mastoid and temporal bones).
Without treatment, is a fatal condition. Osteomyelitis will progressively involve the skull and meninges
What is the vermillion border?
The border between the lips and the rest of the face
Name the muscle that surrounds the mouth
Orbicularis Oris
Identify the muscles that 1. close the mandible and 2. open the mandible
- Temporalis, medial pterygoid, masseter
2. Lateral pterygoid
Name the four extrinsic muscles of the tongue
Genioglossus hyoglossus styloglossus palatoglossus All supplied by glossophayngeal but palatoglossus (vagus)
Name the 5 muscles of the soft palate
tensor veli palatini Levator veli palatini palatoglossus palatopharyngeus musculus uvulae
Name the four tonsils found in Waldeyer’s tonsilar ring
Pharyngeal tonsils
tubal tonsils
palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils
Name the three muscles which constrict the pharynx
Superior pharyngeal constrictor
middle “ “
inferior “ “
Name the muscle that relaxes the vocal ligament and the muscle that tenses the vocal ligament
relaxes (decreasing pitch)- Thyroarytenoid
tenses (increasing pitch)- Cricothyroid
What epithelium covers the hard palate?
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Name the three muscles which move the hyoid bone anteriorly when contracted
Digastric
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
What is vestibular schwannoma?
tumour of vestibular portion of vestibulocochlear nerve
What branches of a nerve supply the muscles of the larynx?
Laryngeal branches of the vagus nerve CNX
All intrinsic muscles supplied by inferior laryngeal nerve but cricothyroid (superior laryngeal)
Name the branch of the vagus nerve that passes posterior to the aortic arch
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
what supplies sensory innervation to the mucosa above the supraglottis and below the supraglottis.
- Internal laryngeal
2. inferior laryngeal
