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BIOL 1090 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Cell Division

A

The process by which cells make more cells.

A mother cell makes 2 daughter cells

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2
Q

What are 4 purposes for cell divison?

A
  • growth
  • cell replacement
  • healing
  • reproduction
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3
Q

What are the 2 ways cell division can occur?

A

Mitosis and Meiosis

  1. Mitosis –> somatic / body cells
  2. Meiosis –> germ / sex cells
    “specialized cell division
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4
Q

What is the major challenge for mitotic cell divison?

A

to make complete and exact copies of DNA in 2 daughter cells

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5
Q

Describe the difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.

A

Prokaryotes

  • small and circular
  • DNA = in cytoplasm
    eg. bacteria

Eukaryotes

  • genome = large and linear
  • DNA = in nucleus
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6
Q

What are the 4 main phases in the eukaryotic cell cycle?

A
  1. M phase : Mitosis and Cytokinesis
  2. G1 phase: Gap 1
  3. S Phase: DNA Synthesis
  4. G2 Phase: Gap 2
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7
Q

Describe the G1 phase / Gap 1

A

=growth, cellular metabolism
=the longest gap = “recovery”
-approx 50% reduction in cytoplasmic volume

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8
Q

Describe S Phase / DNA Synthesis

A

=chromosome duplication

  • cell copies DNA = DNA content doubles
  • makes exact copies
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9
Q

Descibe G2 phase / Gap 2

A

=preparation for mitosis

-ensures DNA relication is completed for another cycle

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10
Q

Describe M Phase

A

=chromosomal separation

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11
Q

Define Interphase

A

= the time between successive mitoses

= G1 + S + G2

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12
Q

What is the G0 Phase?

aka stationary phase ./ quiscent state

A

=state where cells enter when they aren’t actively cycling/dividing
- out of cell cycle from G1

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13
Q

What are the cells called when they leave in the G0 Phase?

A

they are “quiescent”.

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14
Q

Define Autosomes.

A

= homologous chromosomes

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15
Q

What is the human karyotype?

A

23 pairs

  • 22 autosomes
  • 1 pair of sex chromosomes
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16
Q

What are the 2 sex chromosomes

A

XX - Female

X,Y - Male

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17
Q

A human cell w/ 23 chromosomes =

a) haploid
b) diploid

A

a) haploid

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18
Q

What is duplication in S Phase for?

A

so that each daughter cell recieves a complete set of chromosomes

19
Q

Define Ploidy.

A

= the # of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell

-refers to how much info ( aka DNA)

20
Q

Define Haploid (n)

A

= a cell w/ 1 complete set of chromosomes

eg. sperm / egg

21
Q

Define Diploid (2n)

A

= has 2 complete sets of chomosomes
-1 from mom, 1 from dad
eg. somatic cell = leaf/ skin cell , stem cell in your colon
( anything that isn’t a sperm / egg )

22
Q

True / False : in S Phase, the amount of DNA in cell and ploidy level doubles.

A

False
Yes, the amount of DNA in cell doubles
But, the ploidy level doesn’t change in mitotic cell division
-no new info = no ploidy change
(there is still 2n, but they just have doubles)

23
Q

What are the 6 Stages of Mitosis

+ describe ploidy level

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Prometaphase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
  6. Cytokinesis

2n = 46

24
Q

Describe Prophase.

A
  • chromosomes condense

- centrosomes radiate microtubles & migrate to opposite poles

25
Q

Descirbe Prometaphase.

A

-microtubles of the mitotic spindle attach to chromosomes

26
Q

What is a kinetochore?

A

=a series of proteins that link the specialized part of the centromere to the microtubles of the mitotic spindle

27
Q

Describe Metaphase.

A
  • chromosomes align in the center of cell

- chromosomes attach to the mitotic spindle and line up at the equator

28
Q

Describe Anaphase.

A

-sister chromatids separate and travel to opposite poles

=sister chromatids become individual chromosomes when the centromere splits

29
Q

Describe Telophase

A

-nuclear envelope re-forms & chromosomes decondense
-plasma membrane constricts between the 2 nuclei
=almost a full separation

30
Q

Describe Cytokinesis

A

-final break / split of the membrane

31
Q

What is the difference between cytokinesis for an animal and for a plant

A

Animal
-has a contractile ring of acton = a structural protein

Plant
-has a cell plate, looks like building a new wall

32
Q

What 2 things can control the progression through the cell cycle

A
  1. Proteins; appear and disappear in a cyclial fashion
    eg. cyclins
  2. several enzymes; become active and inactive in cycles
33
Q

What are cyclins?

A

=proteins that appear and disappear cyclically

34
Q

Explain how Cyclins function.

also define CDK + describe a cyclins halflife

A
  • cyclins bind to and activate cyclin-dependant kinases (CDK)
  • **CDK = a protein and an enzyme that adds a phosphate group to another protein
  • cyclin-CDK complexes phosphorylate target proteins that promote cell divison
  • phosphate to an amino acid
  • has a small half life as a protein
35
Q

True / False: Cyclins are negative regulators

A

False!

Cyclins are positive regulators as the target proteins promote the cycle

36
Q

What are the the 3 specialized cyclin-CDK complexes at each phase of the cell cycle?
( + their functions )

A

G1 cyclin, S cyclin, and M cyclin push the cell through the cycle.

G1 / S cyclin
-CDK complex prepares cell for DNA replication

S cyclin
-CDK helps initiate DNA synthesis

M cyclin
-CDK helps prepare the cell for mitosis

37
Q

Why do cells have many “cell-cycle checkpoints”?

A

It is to pause the cycle if there is an error, before progressing to the next stage

38
Q

What are the 3 major, well-studied checkpoints?

+ where are they

A
  1. DNA replication checkpoint : is all DNA replicated?
    @ end of G2
    =checks for the presence of unreplicated DNA before the cell enters Mitosis
  2. DNA damage checkpoint : is DNA damaged?
    @ before entering S phase
    =checks for damaged DNA before the cell enters S phase

3.Spindle assembly checkpoint : are all chromosomes attaced to the spindle?
@ before anaphase
=checks for all chromosomes being attached to the spindle before the cell progresses w/ Mitosis

39
Q

How can cancer develop?

A

when normal controls on cell division break down

40
Q

Define oncogene.

A

= cancer-causing gene

41
Q

Define proto-oncogene.

A

= normal genes important for promoting cell division that have potential to become cancerous if mutated.

42
Q

Define tumor suppressors.

A

= genes that encode proteins whose normal activities inhibit cell division.

43
Q

Describe the multi-step process of cancer development.

A
  • requires sequential mutations in several genes
    1. normal cell : inactiviation of 1st tumor suppressor gene
    2. benign cancer : activation of oncogene
    3. malignant cancer : inactivation of 2nd tumor suppressor gene
  1. metastatic cancer : inactivation of 3rd tumor suppressor gene
    + metatosis @ a new state

BIOL 1090 (3 decks)

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