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The human Body Year 1 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

study of body structure (morphology) and how these structures are organised

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Study of function and how they work

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3
Q

Why are anatomy and physiology closely related?

A

The functional role of something can be based on how it was constructed

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4
Q

What do anatomists rely on ?

A

observation and dissections

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5
Q

what do physiologists rely on ?

A

Experimentation

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6
Q

What does it mean by characteristics of life?

A

The fundamental characteristics that are shared by all organisms

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7
Q

List the characteristics of life?

A

Movement, respiration, reproduction, growth, responsiveness, digestion

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8
Q

Movement

A

Change in position of the body

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9
Q

responsiveness

A

Reaction to internal and external change

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10
Q

growth

A

increase in size without change in shape

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11
Q

reproduction

A

new organisms or cells

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12
Q

respiration

A

use of oxygen to remove carbon dioxide

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13
Q

Digestion

A

Breakdown of food into simpler forms

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14
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of all chemical reactions in ta cell

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15
Q

differentiation

A

the process by which unspecialised cell become specialised

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16
Q

environmental factors required by an organism in order to survive

A

water , food

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17
Q

List the functions of water

A

Most abundant chemical, required for metabolic processes, transport medium, maintenance of homeostasis, makes up compartments

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18
Q

List of food functions

A

nutrients, energy for growth and repair, regulation of chemical reactions

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19
Q

intracellular fluid

A

fluid found within the cell

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20
Q

extracellular fluid

A

fluid found outside cells like tissue fluid and blood plasma

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21
Q

Homeostasis

A

the maintenance of a stable internal environment

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22
Q

difference between extracellular and interstitial fluid

A

Extracellular fluid has two primary constituents: the fluid component blood (called plasma). interstitial fluid that surrounds all cells not in the blood.

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23
Q

Requirements of Organisms for Life

A

oxygen, heat, pressure

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24
Q

function of oxygen

A

releases energy from food

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25
Q

function of heat

A

form of energy made by reactions. helps maintain an environment for chemical reactions

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26
Q

function of pressure

A

pressure required for movement whether hydrostatic or atmospheric

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27
Q

How is homeostasis regulated?

A

receptors monitor, set values/ control centre, effectors respond to changes

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28
Q

two feedback systems that regulate homeostasis

A

positive and negative

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29
Q

negative feedback

A

Any deviation from a set point is corrected

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30
Q

Positive feedback

A

deviation in a variable from its set point moves conditions away from the normal state

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31
Q

Are positive feedback systems unstable or stable?

A

unstable

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32
Q

example of positive feedback

A

the concentration of oxytocin during childbirth or blood clotting

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33
Q

what is the anatomical position?

A

arms at the sides and the palms forward

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34
Q

3 major planes

A

frontal, transverse, sagital

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35
Q

frontal/ coronal plane

A

anterior and posterior

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36
Q

transverse/ horizontal

A

superior and inferior

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37
Q

sagital/ medial

A

left and right/ lateral- medial

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38
Q

proximal

A

nearer to the body

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39
Q

distal

A

is further away from the body

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40
Q

two types of cavities

A

dorsal and ventral

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41
Q

dorsal cavities

A

cranial and spinal

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42
Q

ventral cavity

A

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

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43
Q

cranial cavities

A

oral, nasal, orbital, middle ear cavities

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44
Q

axial portion

A

head, neck and trunk

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45
Q

appendicular cavity

A

upper and lower limbs

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46
Q

what separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

A

diaphragm

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47
Q

mediastinum

A

forms a boundary between the left and right side of the thoracic cavity

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48
Q

parietal

A

membrane attached to the wall of the cavity

49
Q

visceral

A

membrane that lines or covers an organ

50
Q

abdominoplevic cavity membranes

A

peritoneal membranes

51
Q

microscopic anatomy

A

histology

52
Q

macroscopic anatomy

A

body parts

53
Q

organ system

A

a group of organs that work together to carry out a specific function

54
Q

Body System that Provides the Body Covering

A

integumentary system

55
Q

what does the integumentary system consist of?

A

hair, skin, nails, glands

56
Q

functions of integumentary system

A

protects underlying tissues, helps regulate body temperature, receptors and secretions

57
Q

Body Systems that Provide Support and Movement

A

muscular and skeletal system

58
Q

what does the Skeletal system consist of?

A

bones, ligaments and cartilages

59
Q

functions of the skeletal system

A

Supports, protects, provides frameworks, stores inorganic salts, and houses tissues that produce blood cells

60
Q

what does the muscular system consist of?

A

muscles

61
Q

function of the muscular system

A

body movement and posture, and is major source of body heat

62
Q

Body Systems that Provide Integration & Coordination

A

nervous, endocrine system

63
Q

what does the nervous system consist of?

A

the brain, spinal cord sense organs, nerves

64
Q

how does nerves communicate with effector muscles?

A

neurotranmitters

65
Q

what does the endocrine system consist of?

A

glands and hormones that they secrete. hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pineal, and thymus glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes

66
Q

what is faster neurotransmitters or hormones

A

neurotransmitters

67
Q

Body Systems that Provide Transport of Substances through the Body

A

cardiovascular and lymphatic system

68
Q

what does the cardiovascular system consist of?

A

heart, blood vessels, and the blood

69
Q

function of the cardiovascular system

A

provides oxygen, nutrients, and hormones while removing wastes from the cells

70
Q

what does the lymphatic system consist of

A

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, and lymph (fluid)

71
Q

function of the lymphatic system

A

Drains excess tissue fluid and returns it to the blood

72
Q

lymphocytes

A

cells of immunity

73
Q

Body Systems that Provide Absorption and Excretion

A

respiratory system, digestive, urinary

74
Q

what does the digestive system consist of?

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs

75
Q

function of the digestive system

A

break down food, absorbing nutrients

76
Q

what does the respiratory system consist of?

A

lungs and air passageways

77
Q

function of the respiratory system?

A

exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and air

78
Q

what does the urinary system consist of?

A

the kidneys ureters, bladder, and urethra

79
Q

function of the urinary system

A

Removes wastes from the blood and helps to maintain water and electrolyte balance

80
Q

Body Systems that Provide Reproduction

A

male and female

81
Q

what does the male reproductive system consist of?

A

testes, scrotum, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis, urethra

82
Q

function of the male reproductive system

A

Produce and maintain sperm, and conduct them to the female

reproductive tract

83
Q

what does the female reproductive system consist of ?

A

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva

84
Q

function of the female reproductive system

A

Produces female sex cells (egg cells or oocytes)

Houses the developing offspring and functions in birth

85
Q

ipsilateral

A

structures on the same side

86
Q

contralateral

A

structures on the opposite side

87
Q

superficial

A

closer to the surface

88
Q

deep

A

more internal parts

89
Q

how many regions are the abdominopelvic area divided into

A

9

90
Q

abdominoplevic regions

A

epigastric (upper middle), right and left hypochondriac regions, umbilical region, right and left lateral (lumbar) regions, pubic (hypogastric)- lower middle, right and left inguinal regions - each side of the pubic region

91
Q

cardiology

A

Study of heart

92
Q

cytology

A

Study of structure, function and abnormalities

93
Q

dermatology

A

Study of skin

94
Q

endocrinology

A

Study of hormones

95
Q

epidemiology

A

Study of distribution and frequency of health related conditions

96
Q

gastroenterology

A

Study of stomach and intestines

97
Q

geriatrics

A

Study of old people

98
Q

gerontology

A

Study of ageing process

99
Q

gynecology

A

Study of female reproductive system

100
Q

hematology

A

Study of blood

101
Q

histology

A

Study of structure and function of tissues

102
Q

immunology

A

Study of resistance to disease

103
Q

neonatology

A

Study of newborns

104
Q

nephrology

A

Study of kidneys

105
Q

neurology

A

Study of nervous system

106
Q

obstetrics

A

Study of pregnancy and childbirth

107
Q

oncology

A

Study of cancer

108
Q

ophthalmology

A

Study of the eye

109
Q

orthopedics

A

Study of muscular and skeletal system problems

110
Q

otolaryngology

A

Study of throat, larynx, ear

111
Q

pathology

A

Study of structure and function of diseases

112
Q

paediatrics

A

Study of children and diseases

113
Q

pharmacology

A

Study of drugs and treatment

114
Q

podiatry

A

Study of feet

115
Q

psychiatry

A

Study of mind and disorders

116
Q

radiology

A

Study of x-rays and radioactive substances

117
Q

toxicology

A

Study of poisonous substances and their effects

118
Q

urology

A

Study of urinary systems and the male reproductive system apart from kidneys

The human Body Year 1 (1 decks)

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