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PSYC 112 > WEEK 1 > Flashcards

WEEK 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is VOT?

A

voice onset time: time interval between release of consonant and onset of voicing (BA has a shorter VOT then PA)

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2
Q

what does an infant need to learn first in order to develop language?

A

learn to distinguish phonemes

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3
Q

what is High amplitude sucking?

A

technique to test an infant’s ability to differentiate sounds

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4
Q

what is a technique to test an infant’s ability to differentiate sounds?

A

High amplitude sucking

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5
Q

what is habituation?

A

getting used to a stimulus to the point of not responding

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6
Q

what is Categorical speech perception?

A

perception of consonant sounds becomes categorical (different categories of sound)

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7
Q

what are the three basic steps of infants in forming language?

A

Cooing, reduplicated babbling, variegated babbling (11-12mnths).

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8
Q

what are the reasons that infants are only able to make selected sounds?

A

the way that their infant vocal tract in shaped and the lack of fine motor control.

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9
Q

Why can infants understand words before they can use them?

A

infants are usually able to comprhend words 4mnths before they are able to produce them.

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10
Q

what is the vocabulary burst?

A

a major increase in vocab size and rate after the first 50 words have been learnt.

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11
Q

what are the 3 reasons that the vocab burst occurs?

A
  • infants learn the symbolic nature of language.
  • their control of articulation increases and motor systems develop.
  • as they get older they are able to easilier retrieve.
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12
Q

explain overextension and underextension:

A

over: using a general words for only one specific thing eg. using “dog” only as a name for the family dog. decreases as exsposure and vocab increases.
under: using a word to describe everything that appears similar eg. “dog” refers to all animals. This is because of lack of vocab eg doesnt know the word for cat, and also lack of exposure to a range of stimulus eg. has never heard someone talk about cats before.

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13
Q

what are two techniques that children use to communicate with others even before they can use specific language?

A

protowords: using stand in ‘words’/sounds to refer to something.

non-verbal functions of language: turn taking, change in pitch and intonnation.

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14
Q

what does holophrastic mean?

A

using a single word to stand in for an entire phrase.

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15
Q

what age do children start to combine words into sentences?

A

2 years. they begin to undertsand semantic meaning of words. eg. possession, naming, attributes, action.

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16
Q

what is the approx age that children start to resemble adult language?

A

4 years old.

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17
Q

what is the hierachy of language?

A 
sentence 
phrase
word
morpheme
phoneme
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18
Q

what is a phoneme?

A

meaningful unit of sound

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19
Q

what are the two types of morpheme?

A

unbound - words

bound - affixes, suffixes

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20
Q

what are the two types of unbound morphemes?

A

content - establish semantic meaning of the sentence. open ended/can be changed over time.

function: syntaxtic function - the structure/support words of the sentence, more set.

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21
Q

what is aphrasia?

A

the inability to produce pr undertsand language.

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22
Q

what is broca’s aphasia?

A

damage to the broca’s area of the brain resulting in loss of control of speech muscles - impairment to language production/speech.

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23
Q

what is syntax?

A

the rules in the structure of language, cued by word order. this means you can undertsand the meaning of the sentence even when you dont know the specific words.

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24
Q

what is werneickes aphasia?

A

having correct syntax but incorrect/incohenrent semantics.

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25
Q

what is surface/deep structure?

A

surface: organisation of words on the surface level. the words on surface level can change without effecting the meaning of the sentence.
deep: the meaning of the sentence. even if the surface structure remains the same the deep meaning can be different.

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26
Q

what is nativism?

A

children are biologically predisposed to learn language

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27
Q

what are the 3 points of nativism?

A
  • Children acquire language rapidly
  • Children acquire language effortlessly
  • Children acquire language without being taught
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28
Q

what is the Language bioprogram hypothesis?

A

children innately predisposed to acquire the syntax of language. (Derek Bickerson 1984)

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29
Q

what is the sensitive period and how is it proven?

A

the ideal time for acquiring certain parts of language (its harder after). Sensitive period ends by puberty once lateralisation occurs. This is proven by neglected children and deaf signers.

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30
Q

what is the General Learning capabilities idea?

A

Conflicts nativism by suggesting that children pick up language so quickly because of their ability to learn, not because of their innate understanding of language.

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31
Q

how is a child’s ability to develop patterns shown and how do they learn it?

A

shown through their ability to learn about word boundaries by computing statistics (statistical learning).

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32
Q

What are the main points of social learning?

A
  • parentese
  • social repsonse to their attempts
  • vocab influenced by parents vocab
  • response to innate explinations
  • child guided talk
  • social context in which words are used.
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33
Q

what are the two different perceptions of self found within different cultures?

A

independant:
focussed on individual’s wellbeing and outcomes.

interdependant:
focussed on serving the common good and community outcomes.

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34
Q

how does the type of culture influence the way in which children learn to talk?

A

independant: parent is teaching the child how to communicate what they are thinking and feeling and reaching their goals.
interdependant: child is taught how to repsond to others in social situations. situation focussed rather than self focussed.

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35
Q

What is representation?

A

knowledge of the world which forms the content of our thought

36
Q

what are the two types of representations?

A
  • Analogical representations: mental images

- Symbolic representations: propositional thoughts, ‘internal statements’

37
Q

what do analogical mental representations mean?

A

a picture of a dog represents the concept of a dog, but also has similarities to an actual dog. (imagination). “A representation of a stimulus that originates inside your brain, rather than from external sensory input”

38
Q

how is Analogical mental representation shown?

A

shown through the mental rotation study where participants are shown a stimulus that is rotated between 0 and 360 degrees

39
Q

what are propositions?

A

statements that express ideas and relationships between the concepts. made up of a subject and that idea that is being aserted on that subject.

40
Q

why are categories important?

A

they allow us to know what to expect each times you encounter a member of that category.

41
Q

how can you tell that mental representations are organised?

A

Smenartic priming studies.

42
Q

what is reasoning?

A

intelligent thought, decision making, problem solving, drawing implications from our beliefs.

43
Q

what are the two types of reasoning?

A

deductive - top down

inductive - bottom down

44
Q

What is deductive reasoning:

A

Start with a belief – what are the implications of those beliefs? Moving from general principles/rules to specific instances

45
Q

What are syllogisms?

A

conclusions follow from premises and therefore are valid. Animals have four legs – Fluffy is an animal – Fluffy have four legs.

46
Q

what is the logical rule of syllogisms?

A

If something is true for all members of a category and A is a member of that category, then that something will also be true for A.

47
Q

what is inductive reasoning?

A

starting with specifics and inferring general principles from them.

48
Q

what is belief bias?

A

an error in which people reason on the basis of plausibility rather than the truth.

49
Q

what is confimation bias?

A

when we look at the evidence in order to prove what we already believe, rather than what the data is actually showing. eg. honeymoon phase.

50
Q

What is heuristics?

A

shortcuts that are correct much of the time. Heuristics assist inductive reasoning. making judgements and drawing conclusions from experience.

51
Q

What is availability heuristic?

A

Probability estimates are influenced by how easy it is to retrieve information eg. You just watched a horror movie and therefore you believe you are more likely to get murdered.

52
Q

what is the down side of heuristics?

A

if the wrong connotations are made eg. immigrants and violence are often mentioned together, then people think that immigrants are more violent when they statistically aren’t.

53
Q

what are the 4 steps of problem solving?

A
  1. Understand the problem
  2. Generate possible solutions (hypotheses)
  3. Test these solutions
  4. Evaluate results, revise if necessary
54
Q

what are the two general strategies for solving problems?

A

trial and error

alogorithmn:
defined problem - guauranteed solution.

55
Q

what is a mean-ends analysis?

A

types of heuristic in which you work step by step to get closer to your goal as you solve the problem. Eg. Three pole problem

56
Q

what is hill climbing?

A

a type of heuristic in which you change the present state of the problem so that you are one step closer to solving the problem. Eg. Fox chicken boat problem. You may have to move backwards to move forwards.

57
Q

what is problem solving using analogy?

A

have you solved soemthing similar to this in the past and can you solve it in a similar way again?

58
Q

what is a mental set?

A

habits and assumptions that you bring into solving a problem.

59
Q

what is functional fixedness?

A

being able to think outside of the box - use your imagination to remove and introduce things into the situation to solve the problem.

60
Q

what are two ways to improve problem solving?

A
  1. Take a break – incubation (releases you from mental set, you forget information you don’t need and rehearse info that is important)
  2. Practise divergent thinking. Creativity can be fostered
61
Q

explain positon 1 (independant cognition)

A

abstract thinking can take place without language. Babies have concepts before language.

62
Q

explain positon 2 (independant cognition)

A

it influences how we think. Children’s conceptual development correlates strongly with language development.

63
Q

what are the three areas in which the wholfian hypothesis has been tested?

A

colour percpetion, space and time, and culture and thinking style.

64
Q

explain how colour perception is link to the wholfian hypothesis:

A

languages with more names for colours or ‘focal colours’ were able to easier percieve and recall colours.

65
Q

explain how space and time relate to the wholfian hypothesis:

A

depending on the language used, we either see time as egomoving or objectmoving. ime is thought of spacially, either horizontally or vertically.

66
Q

explain how culture and thinming style relate to the wholfian hypothesis:

A

Depending on whether you are independent or interdependent culture, you will see situations in different lights. If someone does something in order to explain why you will either attribute it to disposition (internal) or situation (external).

67
Q

explain the western style of thinking:

A

analytic, focus on objects and properties. When tested Americans will be better at ignoring contextual info. Preference for avoiding contradictions, determining which position is correct. Non-dialectical proverbs.

68
Q

explain the eastern style of thinking:

A

Eastern style: holistic, emphasising contexts and relations between elements. When tested Japanese were better at relative tasks. Preference for dialectical compromise and approaches and tolerance for contradictions. Dialectical proverbs.

69
Q

how can the wholfian hypothesis in regards to thinking style be proven?

A

bilinguals change the way they think based on which language they are speaking.

70
Q

What is intelligence?

A
  • Set of mental abilities
  • Acquire and use knowledge
  • Plan and solve problems by taking thought
  • Adapt effectively with the environment and learn (quickly) from experience
71
Q

Samuel morton:

A

believed that head size was related to intelligent. Ranked races based on head size.

72
Q

Paul Broca:

A

believed that the heavier the brain the more intelligent. Corrected for body size but not for that of women so it was concluded that males are more intelligent than females.

73
Q

Francis Galton:

A

intelligence is hereditary, coined ‘eugenics’, no difference in intelligence through classes.

74
Q

Alfred Binet:

A

pioneered intelligence testing, found that size doesn’t determine intelligence, intelligence is a psychological construct, believed in intervening in less intelligent children’s education. Children have a different mental age than chronological age.

75
Q

Terman and Goddard:

A

intelligence is more fixed, promoted mass standardised testing, tested immigrants to decide whether to let them in or not.

76
Q

ways to test inteliigence:

A

verbal comprehension, working memory, perceptual reasoning, processing speed.

77
Q

if two variables are unrelated what is their correlation?

A

0

78
Q

what is positive correlation?

A

– as one increases, the other increases

79
Q

what is negative correlation?

A

as one increases, the other decreases

80
Q

What are the three theories or intelligence?

A

Spearmans two factor theory

Sternberg Triarchic Theory of Successful Intelligence

  1. Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences
81
Q

What did spearmans two factor theory comprise of?

A

the idea that there is a g factor to intellignece (underlying ability, universal general capacity), and s factor (cateogories eg. verbal or performance, that if you excell in one category you will be good at the whole thing)

82
Q

what are the two theories of the g factor?

A

fluid intelligence: bility to learn, perceive relationships, deal with new problems. Peaks in early twenties.

Crystallised intelligence: acquired knowledge from culture eg. Vocab size. Continues to increase with age.

83
Q

do iq tests determine job performance?

A

correlation but not that high as there are so many other factors that contribute.

84
Q

what is the Sternberg Triarchic theory of succeeful intelligence?

A

Intelligence is being able to adapt to social and other situations in everyday life. Using strengths and minimising weaknesses. Based on three catergories of intelligence.

85
Q

what are the three categories of intelligence used in sternbergs theory?

A

analytic, creative, and practical

86
Q

what is gardners theory of multiple intelligences?

plus 6 types

A

Not a single, unified intelligence but many different types, some of which people are high in and some which they are low in. eg. Linguistic, musical, logical-mathematic, spatial, body-kinaesthetic, interpersonal/intrapersonal.

87
Q

how can culture influence intelligence?

A

Cultures have huge influence on what intelligence is perceived as. This can influence education and people’s ability to be successful.

PSYC 112 (1 decks)

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