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PAR3031 - MATERNITY > WEEK 1 > Flashcards

WEEK 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions used to catagorise maternal adaptions in pregnancy?

A
  1. increased availability of precursors for hormone
    production and fetal–placental metabolism;
  2. improved transport capacity;
  3. maternal–fetal exchange; and
  4. removal of additional waste products.
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2
Q

what are the 4 pelvis types?

A

Gynaecoid
Android
Anthropoid
Platypeloid

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3
Q

what are the 4 stages of mentstration?

A

Mensus
Follicular
Ovulation
Luteal

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4
Q

what is the average age for onset and cessation of the menstrual cycle

A 
onset= 12-15
cessation = 45-55
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5
Q

When does ovulation occur in the cycle?

A

about half way through

when egg is released from mature follicle to ovaries

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6
Q

What is the egg called?

A

Gamete (haploid cell)

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7
Q

what is fertilisation?

A
  • involves the combination of 2 haploid cells into a single diploid cell (called a zygote)
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8
Q

what is a zygote?

A

a cell with a full set of chromosomes

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9
Q

how long after fertilisation does implantation occur?

A

approx 6 days

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10
Q

when does the placenta begin to form?

A

2nd week of gestation

  • fully established by week 8-10
  • full size by month 4
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11
Q

when does the placenta become the main site of hormone production in pregnancy?

A

Week 8-10

prior it’s the corpus leutie?

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12
Q

where does diffusion occur in the placenta?

A

Intervillious space

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13
Q

what are some transport functions of the placenta?

A

Transport

  • Resp gas movement
  • nutrients
  • hormones
  • waste products
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14
Q

what are some immunologic functions of the placenta?

A

Immunologic

  • barrier against larger bacteria
  • some maternal antibodies cross through
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15
Q

what are some endocrine functions of the placenta?

A

oestrogens

progesterone

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16
Q

what are some metabolic functions of the placenta?

A

synthesise glycogen, cholesterol, fatty acids and enzymes

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17
Q

When. is the placenta really thin, increasing risk of diffusion of toxins

A

30-35 weeks

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18
Q

what do you need to consider with pregnancy and house fires?

A

carbon monoxide diffuses across placenta easier than O2

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19
Q

how does foetal circulation differ from normal circulation?

A
  • deoxygenated blood leave foetus through arteries (goes from baby to placenta)
  • oxygenated blood enters through veins (from placenta to baby through umbillical vein)
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20
Q

What is foetal blood flow?

A

500ml/min

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21
Q

what are the 2 membranes in the placenta?

A
  • Chorion (outer)

- Amnion (inner)

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22
Q

what stops the 2 placental membranes from fusing?

A

amnionic fluid (2ml)

23
Q

what is amnionic fluid made of?

A

98% water

2% glucose, protein, sodium, urea & creatine

24
Q

How much fluid makes up the amnionic fluid?

A

500ml - 1500ml

replenishes itself every 3 hours

25
Q

what are the functions of the amnionic fluid?

A
  • equalise pressure around the foetus
  • cushions foetus from external compression
  • Provides constant temp
  • provides fluid for the foetus to swallow
  • allows freedom of movement for the foetus
  • lubricates the membranes and the foetus
26
Q

what does the umbilical cord do?

A

provides a circulatory connection between mum and baby

27
Q

what is the umbilical cord made of?

A

Wharton’s jelly

28
Q

what are the 3 trimesters of pregnancy?

A

1st - conception - 13 weeks
2nd - 13 weeks - 26 weeks
3rd - 26 weeks until birth

29
Q

where is progesterone produced?

A

corpus luteum until about week 10 then the placenta

30
Q

what does progesterone do?

A

prepares uterus for implantation

31
Q

what does progesterone do with immune responses?

A

suppresses maternal immunologic response to fetal antigens

32
Q

what does progesterone do to smooth muscle?

A

decreases contractility

33
Q

how does progesterone effect lactation?

A

it inhibits it

34
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

stimulates female secondary sex characteristics:

  • breast growth
  • uterine growth
  • vaginal wall thickening
  • vaginal lubrication

Increased coagulability
Decreased bowel mobility

35
Q

when is oestrogen released during pregnancy?

A

Released from placenta during pregnancy

36
Q

What does Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin do?

A
  • stimulates corpus luteum to continue releasing hormones

- allows pregnancy to establish and continue without menses occuring

37
Q

When is Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin released?

A

from the blastocyst on implantation into the uterine wall

38
Q

what are the hormonal physiological changes of pregnancy?

A

increased progesterone, oestrogen, HCG & HPL

39
Q

what are the mechanical physiological changes of pregnancy?

A

increased metabolic demand

40
Q

what are the foetal/uterus/placental and mother physiological changes of pregnancy?

A

placenta circulation

- low-pressure arteriovenous shunt

41
Q

what happens to the uterus during pregnancy

A
  • increases in size from 60g to 1kg
  • oestrogen stimulates muscle cell hypertrophy
  • capacity increases from 10m to 5L
  • all 3 layers of smooth muscle increase
42
Q

what happens to the cervix during pregnancy

A
  • cell number increases due to oestrogen
  • secretes thick, sticky mucous plug
  • softens during labour (Goodell’s sign)
43
Q

What are the cardiovascular changes in pregnancy

A
  • decreased peripheral vascular resistance
  • decreased pulmonary vascular resistance
  • decreased colloid oncotic pressure
  • increased cardiac output
  • increased HR
44
Q

how does the heart vol change in pregnancy?

A

increases from 70ml - 80ml

45
Q

Apex of heart moves to where during pregnancy

A

from the 5th intercostal space to the 4th

46
Q

how does the blood volume change?

A

increases from by 30-50%

47
Q

how does the red cell volume change?

A

increase by 18-20%

48
Q

how does the plasma volume change?

A

increase by 50%

49
Q

How far does the diaphragm rise?

A

4cm

50
Q

what happens to o2 consumption?

A

increases by 15%

51
Q

What happens to CO2 and PO2?

A

co2 decreases from 35-45 to 30mmHg

Increased o2

52
Q

how much does inspiratory reserve change by?

A

increases by 300mL

53
Q

how much does expiratory reserve change by?

A

decreased by 200ml

54
Q

how much does tidal volume change?

A

from 500 to 700ml

PAR3031 - MATERNITY (11 decks)

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