Week 1 Flashcards
Anatomical terms, movements, bones, tissue types.
Anatomy:
structure (what/where)
Physiology:
function (how)
what is Epithelial tissue?
tissue that covers and lines parts of the body. it varies in thickness, absorbsion and shape to provide different things.
Name some examples of how epithelial tissue changes to adapt to its role
higher rate of absrobsion in lungs to absorb gases
thick on skin to protect fromm abrasion
forms glands
What does connective tissue do?
fills gaps, provides structural support, stores energy.
blood is a type of what tissue?
connective
what is the main gist of the human tissue act and when was it last revised?
That all human samples must be from fully consenting and willing bequests/donors. They have to fully agree to all terms, as well as their immediate family.
Revised in 2008
What does muscle tissue do?
contracts and releases, enables movement
There are 3 types of muscle tissue but the focus is on skeletal muscle tissue.
What does nervous tissue do?
conducts electrics, carries information.
what is homeostasis?
regulatory mechanisms that underpin the ‘normal’ function of the body in order to keep the critical body systems at a healthy balance.
name 4 components that homeostasis controls:
temperature
ion concentration
blood sugar
fluid balance
What are the 2 types of mechanisms in homeostasis?
feedback + feedforward
What are feedback mechanisms? incl example
whe the body tries to balance back to normal (unconsciously). eg. when you’re cold and your body brings heat to the core of the trunk to reduce surface heat loss.
what are feedforward mechansims? incl example
preventative mechanisms that prevent your body from becoming unbalanced/’uncomfortable’ (sometimes conscious/behavioral, sometimes unconscious).
eg. conscious: taking coat when you see rain outside
unconscious: hair standing on end to trap air and insulate body.
What is the position that the body is always referred to in?
Anatomical - upright, forward, palms up, feet together
What does superior mean?
above or higher than
what does inferior mean?
lower than or underneath
medial:
closer to the midline
lateral:
further from the midline
proximal:
closer to the trunk/torso
distal:
further from the trunk
which 2 terms are usually used to describe the axeal part of the body (head, neck, trunk)?
superior, interior
which 2 terms are usually used to describe the limbs?
proximal, distal
Anterior:
front (also ventral)
posterior:
back (also dorsal)
Cranial/cephalic:
closer towards the head/brain
caudal:
closer towards the tail
deep:
further from the surface
superficial
closer to the surface
Name the 3 planes
coronal, sagittal, transverse
which way is the coronal plane?
seperates anterior/posterior (back to front)
which way is the sagittal plane? what is the mid sagittal plane?
left to right.
when the body is seperated perfectly down the centre from the sagittal sutra.
Name all 12 types of angular + specialsed movement
flexion + extension dorsiflexion + plantarflexion abduction + adduction circumduction rotation pronation + supination inversion + eversion
what is flexion? incl eg
always occurs ____
decreasing the angle, flesh of body part brought together. eg. flexion of the elbow.
always occurs anteriorly (except for knee)
What is extension?
always occurs ____
increasing angle
always posteriorly
What plane do flexion and extension occur on?
sagittal plane
what are dorsiflexion and plantarflexion?
pointing ankle/foot upwards, and pointing ankle/foot downwards.
What is abduction?
movement of the joint away from the body.
what is adduction?
movement of joint towards midline.
what plane does abduction and adduction occur on?
coronal plane
what is cirsumduction? what 4 movements is it made of?
a circlular movement of flexion, abduction, extension, adduction. eg, wrist in circle but not flipped palm down.
What is rotation? what plane does it occur on?
pivoting on the transverse plane (lateral and medial) eg. head side to side
What is pronation?
flipping from the anatomical position to facing down. eg. palms flipping from palm up to palm down. to be prone means the person/appendage is facing down (eg. laying on stomach)
what is supination?
flipping from upside down back to the anatomical position. if someone is supine they are facing upwards eg laying on back
what is inversion?
a movement associated with the foot. when the sole of the foot faces towards the midline. eg if a foot inverts too far the ankle will break.
what is eversion?
sole of foot turns away from midline.
What are the 5 reasons we have skeletons?
support (frame) movement (levers) protection (majors organs eg brain) storage (minerals) red blood cell formation (in marrow)
What are the 2 types of bone tissue?
compact bone (strong) cancellous bone (spongy)
what are the characteristics of cancellous bone tissue?
light, spongy, shock absorbing, resists and channels force from mulitple directions.
what are the characteristics of compact bone tissue?
strong, good at transmitting force in one direction.
what are the 4 classes of bones?
long, short, flat, irregular.
long bones:
longer than wide, wider epiphyses, long narrow diapysis, act as levers for movement, thick compact bone in diaphysis. (all limbs are long bones).
what does diaphysis and epiphysis mean?
long mid part of bone (usually compact)
thicker wider parts at end of bone (more cancellous)
short bones:
2
- close to equal in width and length
- mostly cancellous as they have weight bearing from many directions
flat bones:
3
- muscle attachment (more compact)
- most of the surface is flat
- protection (combo compact/cancellous) eg skull
irregular bones:
- not long or round or square or flat
- not just cancellous
- often has foramina (holes)
what are the 2 divisions of the skeleton?
axial (bones for protection)
appendicular (bones for movement)
what are the 6 bones of the core?
skull, sternum, ribs, vertebral column, sacrum, coccyx.
what bones make up the skull and what do they do?
cranium (vault) - encloses brain, muscles attach
facial bones - protect/support sensory organs (small, fragile)
what does the vertebral column do?
3
- keeps trunk upright
- supports lots of muscle attachments
- supports head
what are the divisions of the vertebral column and how many bones are in each?
cervical - 7 thorcic - 12 lumbar - 5 sacrum coccyx
what 2 things are the thoracic/rib cage made of?
12 ribs
sternum
what bones are part of the appendicular skeleton?
superior: humerus (arm), ulna + radius (forearm)
inferior: femur (thigh), tibia + fibula (leg)
name 3 reasons our skeletonsa are the shape that they are.
- form related to fuction
- we walk on 2 limbs and therefore lower limbs need to be stable instead of flexible
- our hands are better at fine motor skills because they do not have to be weightbearing.
Names the Hand bones (and number of these bones)
carpals - 8
metacarpals - 5
phalanges - 3
(singular - phalanx)
name the Foot bones (and the number of these bones)
tarsals - 7
metatarsals - 5
phalanges - 3
these are stronger as they are weight bearing.
Name the 2 girdles
pectoral and pelvic
what are the parts of the pectoral girdle?
clavicle (stabilising strut)
scapula (mobile, only attached with muscles)
what are the parts of the pelvic girdle?
2 hip bones
sacrum (axial)
what is the pelvis made up of?
pelvic bones and sacrum
lots of weight bearing.
what are the differences between a mans and womens pelvis?
womens are more cylindrical, and wider, with a wide pelvic opening in comparison to mens narrower pelvises.
