Week 1

Question 1

First Law of Pharmacokinetics

Answer 1

Determining a loading dose (loading dose = concentration*volume) - balance units

Question 2

Second Law of Pharmacokinetics

Answer 2

Determining infusion rate (infusion rate = target conc (mg/L)*Elimination clearance (L/min))

Question 3

Competitive antagonists

Answer 3

1) Bind reversibly to active site
2) Decrease potency
3) No change in efficacy
4) Shift curve right

Question 4

Non-competitive antagonists

Answer 4

1) Bind allosterically or irreversibly to active site
2) No change in potency
3) Decrease efficacy (maximal)
4) Shift curve down

Question 5

Uncompetitive antagonists

Answer 5

1) Bind allosterically once ligand bound
2) Reduction in both potency and efficacy
3) Curve shifts down and right (small early effect)

Question 6

Spare Receptors

Answer 6

Maximal response produced with only a small portion of total receptors due to amplification along signal transduction cascade which leaves some receptors unused

Question 7

ED50

Answer 7

Dose at which 50% of individuals show the desired drug effect (median effective dose)

Question 8

LD50

Answer 8

Dose that produces death in 50% of experimental animals under study (median lethal dose)

Question 9

Therapeutic Index

Answer 9

Ratio of toxic ED50 to therapeutic ED50

Question 10

Nernst Equation

Answer 10

E(ion) = RT/zF * ln[ion outside]/[ion inside]

Question 11

Equilibrium potential of K

Answer 11

-95 mV (high inside cells)

Question 12

Equilibrium potential of Na

Answer 12

+65 mV (low inside cells)

Question 13

Resting membrane potential is dominated by ___ leak with a small influence by ____ conductance

Answer 13

K+, Cl-

Question 14

Flow of Na+ or Ca2+ into the cell will _______

Answer 14

Depolarize

Question 15

Flow of Cl- into the cell will _______

Answer 15

Hyperpolarize

Question 16

Safety Factor

Answer 16

Degree that an EPSP exceeds threshold

Question 17

EPSP

Answer 17

Depolarization via activation of NT receptors permeable to Na/Ca

Question 18

Examples of EPSP

Answer 18

Acetylcholine receptors

Question 19

IPSP

Answer 19

Hyperpolarization via activation of NT receptors permeable to Cl

Question 20

Examples of IPSP

Answer 20

Glycine and GABA

Question 21

Saltatory Conduction

Answer 21

Conduction alone neuronal axons by jumping between gaps which causes high velocity

Question 22

Ohms Law

Answer 22

V = I x R

Question 23

Conductance

Answer 23

G = 1/R

Question 24

Phases of the cardiac action potenial

Answer 24

1) Localized change in membrane potential activates voltage gated Na channels
2) Na channels are inactivated and voltage gate Ca channels are activated (L type) which causes plateau of depolarization (inward Ca vs outward K)
3) Activation of K channels and inactivate of Ca channels causes hyperpolarization