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Molecular Biology & Medical Genetics > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What Physical phenomenon is responsible for Hydrophobic and Hydrophlic interactions in the tertiary structure of proteins?

A

Van Der Waal’s forces

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2
Q

Which sugar component of DNA and RNA is rich in oxygen?

A

RNA

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3
Q

List the five Nitrogenous Bases:

A

Guanine

Cytosine

Adenine

Thymine

Uracil

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4
Q

The carbon ring in a nucleotide contains 4 or 5 Carbons?

A

4 Carbons

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5
Q

Three hydrogen bonds wil be found between which two Nitrogenous Bases?

A

Cytosine and Guanine

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6
Q

Defective duplicate genes found in eukaryotic cells are known as:

A

Pseudogenes

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7
Q

HOX genes clusters consist of normal genes, and what?

A

Pseudogenes

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8
Q

are expressed Pseudogene mRNA used for protein transcription?

A

No

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9
Q

What type of genes regulate axial development of the embryo?

A

HOX gene clusters

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10
Q

Are proteins encoded by rRNA?

A

no

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11
Q

What is unique about Introns found in LINEs?

(Long Interspersed Elements)

A

A coding sequence

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12
Q

What does LINEs stand for in DNA types?

A

Long Interspersed Elements

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13
Q

Alu elements (Named for the Alu 1 Restriction enzyme) are what type of DNA genes?

A

Short Interspersed Elements

SINEs

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14
Q

The template strand is the sense or antisense strand?

A

Sense strand

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15
Q

Polymerase works in which direction - 5’⇒3’ or 3’⇒5’?

A

5’⇒3’

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16
Q

Chromosomes are synthesised during G1 phase of the cell cycle.

True or False?

A

False

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17
Q

What is the diploid number for human somatic cells?

A

23

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18
Q

How many individual chromosomes are found in a cell during S phase?

A

96

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19
Q

At what phase of the cell cycle does the error checking of chromosomes formed during S phase occur?

A

G2

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20
Q

What are the molecules which toggle DNA replication and cell division activities?

A

Cyclins

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21
Q

What substrate must accumulate in the cytoplasm in order for mitosis to be triggered by cyclin-dependant kinase (Cdk)?

A

M-Cyclin

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22
Q

Which cyclin is the longest acting during the cell cycle?

G1/S-Cyclin

S-Cyclin

M-Cyclin

A

S-Cyclin

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23
Q

During which phase of the cell cycle does G1/S-Cyclin activity peak?

A

G1

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24
Q

M-Cyclin begins accumulating during which phase of the cell cycle?

A

G2

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25
Q

What process is required to trigger the degradation of M-Cyclin after mitosis?

A

Ubiquitination

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26
Q

What is the point on a chromosome where replication starts known as?

A

Ori

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27
Q

How does the process of sequential DNA replication made more time-efficient, given the extraordinary length of DNA molecules?

A

Multiple Ori

Allows parallel dna replication processes along the same chromosome

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28
Q

The Ori found along a chromosome consist of sequences rich in which nucleotide pairs?

AT or CG

A

AT

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29
Q

The Ori of chromosomes are rich in AT pairs, why?

A

Two H-bonds (as opposed to 3 in CG)

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30
Q

What is a synonym for Helicase?

A

MCM

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31
Q

What molecule must first bind with the Ori to initiate the assembly of the MCM (Helicase)?

A

ORC

Ori Recognition Complex

32
Q

What component of the Helicase (MCM) is destroyed by S-Cdk?

33
Q

Which Cyclin Dependant Kinase inactivates the ORC (Origin Recognition Complex)?

34
Q

S-Cdk causes the inactivation of ORC by destruction of Cdc6, why?

A

To prevent re-replication

<em>(DNA is replicated ONCE during the cell cycle)</em>

35
Q

DNA is read in the 3’ ⇒ 5’ direction, hence DNA is synthesised in the:

A

5’ ⇒ 3’ direction

36
Q

DNA molecules are antiparallel, meaning DNA is:

_____ in the 3’ ⇒ 5’ direction,

_____ in the 5’ ⇒ 3’ direction.

A

Read in the 3’ ⇒ 5’ direction,

Written in the 5’ ⇒ 3’ direction.

37
Q

The Parental DNA strand is the Sense or Antisense strand?

38
Q

Exonucleases perform what function?

A

Error checking and correction

39
Q

Continuation of the leading strand of DNA is done by which Polymerase?

A

DNA Polymerase Epsilon

40
Q

Continuation of the lagging strand is carried out by which DNA Polymerase?

A

DNA Polymerase Gamma

41
Q

What enzyme joins Okazaki fragments along the lagging strand together to form a complete strand (parallel to the parent?)

A

DNA Ligase

42
Q

DNA Ligase is required to complete strands created by:

DNA Polymerase ε

or

DNA Polymerase δ

A

DNA Polymerase δ

43
Q

The Hayflick Limit refers to what aspect of DNA replication?

A

Shortening of Telomeres, as DNA strands must be built in the 5’ ⇒ 3’ direction

44
Q

Prior to AP Endonuclease and Phosphodiesterase removing a sugar molecule from DNA during repair, what enzyme must first act on the site of a nucleotide mismatch?

A

DNA Glycosylase

45
Q

Xeroderma Pigmentosum is a disease caused by mutations in genes encoding what proteins?

A

Nucleotide Excision Repair enzymes

46
Q

Are nucleotide sequences retained in non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair?

47
Q

Bloom syndrome, a disease resulting in short stature, cancers and rash from sun exposure is a result of mutation in genes encoding what proteins?

A

DNA Helicase

48
Q

Which feature of a DNA strand encodes proteins?

Exons

or

Introns?

49
Q

What sequence precedes an exon along a DNA strand?

A

Promoter region

<em>(Includes the TATA box)</em>

50
Q

What sequences upstream from the gene promoter site function to regulate DNA transcription to RNA?

A

Enhancers and Silencers

51
Q

Behaviour of Enhancer and Silencer regions of DNA during transcription are regulated by:

A

What type of cell the DNA is located in

52
Q

What is the purpose of Alternative Splicing in protein synthesis?

A

Allowing for multiple RNA/Proteins to be produced from the same set of exons.

53
Q

What is the purpose of Polysomes?

A

allowing multiple proteins to be produced from the same mRNA simultaneously

54
Q

Antisense RNA, miRNA and siRNA perform what functions?

A

Downregulation and suppresion of gene expression

55
Q

Ribosomal subunits of 50S and 30S are associated with prokaryotes, or eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes

56
Q

Ribosomal subunits of 40S and 60S are associated with prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes

57
Q

5’ Caps and Poly-A tails are features of Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic mRNA?

A

Eukaryotic mRNA

58
Q

What is the function of Operons?

A

Regulating gene expression in prokaryotes

59
Q

Bacteria which have mutated to resist antibiotic drugs will eventually become the majority of the population of that particular bacteria - is this horizontal or vertical resistance gene transfer?

60
Q

What are the three types of horizontal resistance gene transfer in bacteria?

A

Transformation

Conjugation

Transduction

61
Q

Drug resistance gene transfer that is carried out through cell division is an example of vertical or horizontal gene transfer?

62
Q

Resistance gene transfer that is achieved by transferring new DNA via a protein tube between adjacent bacteria is an example of:

  • Conjugation*
  • Transduction*
  • Transformation?*
A

Conjugation

63
Q

Resistance gene transfer that is achieved by introduction of new DNA by Bacteriophage (Virii) is an example of:

  • Conjugation*
  • Transduction*
  • Transformation*?
A

Transduction

64
Q

Resistance gene transfer that is achieved by absorption of new DNA from the external environment is an example of:

  • Conjugation*
  • Transduction*
  • Transformation*?
A

Transformation

65
Q

In transduction, the incorporation and proliferation of Phage DNA in to the chromosome of the host bacteria is known as:

Lysogenic Cycle

Lytic Cycle

66
Q

In transduction, phage DNA that utilises bacterial machinery to produce more copies of the virus (with the view to release from the cell) is known as:

The Lysogenic Cycle

The Lytic Cycle

A

Lytic cycle

67
Q

A section of DNA incorporated in to the bacterial chromosome by a virus is known as a:

68
Q

During conjucation by bacteria, genetic material travelling through the sex pilus originates from the:

Bacterial Chromosome

or

a Plasmid?

69
Q

Virii are Obligate Parasites - what does this mean?

A

They require the use of host machinery to reproduce

70
Q

Genetic material, combined with Capsid Protein is known as a:

A

Nucleocapsid

71
Q

A nucleocapsid consists of what two materials?

A

Capsid Protein

Genetic material (DNA or RNA)

72
Q

What are the two morphological structures of viral genomes?

A

Linear

Circular

73
Q

The two structures of viral genomes, Circular and Linear, are both further broken down in what two classifications?

A

Segmented

Non-Segmented

74
Q

Which of the following virii are able to be used directly as mRNA for protein synthesis?

ssRNA (+)

ssRNA (-)

75
Q

What enzyme makes retroviruses unique?

A

DNA Reverse Transcriptase

Molecular Biology & Medical Genetics (5 decks)

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