Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Advanced movement analysis > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is gait?

A

The manner in which a person

walks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a step?

A

From heel strike to next contralateral heel strike

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a stride?

A

From heel strike to next ipsilateral heel strike

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a cadence?

A

Number of steps taken per unit of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is speed?

A

Rate of linear forward motion of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is step width found?

A

Linear distance between midpoint of heel of one foot and same point on other foot in completing a step

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What and how is step length found?

A

The linear distance between two successive points of contact of opposite extremities. Usually measured from the point of contact on one extremity to the point of one heel strike at the other extremity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is step duration?

A

The amount of time spent during a single step

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How long does a stride for a normal adult last?

A

1 secs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the normal adult male cadence?

A

110/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the normal adult female cadence?

A

116/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When during cadence does the point of double limb support changes to running?

A

180/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What increases walking speed up to 120 steps/ min?

A

Increases in both cadence and stride length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What increases walking speed for more than 120 steps/ min?

A

Increase in cadence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a person’s normal comfortable speed of gait called?

A

Preferred Natural Self- Selected gait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is line of progression?

A

The path taken during gait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the degree of toe- out represent and how is it found?

A

The angle of foot placement. Found by measuring the angle formed by each foot’s line of progression and the line intersecting the center of heel of the 2nd toe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the normal angle of toe- out for men?

A

7 deg from the line of progression of each foot at free walking speed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does the angle of toe out decrease?

A

As the speed of walking increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

One stride is = to _____

A

One complete gait cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the periods in a complete gait cycle?

A

Stance period

Swing period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

62% of the gait cycle is what period?

A

Stance period.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When does the stance period occur?

A

When the reference limb is in contact with the ground

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What part of the gait cycle is the swing period and when does it occur?

A

38%, which occurs when the reference limb is off the ground

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the functional tasks of gait required for walking and what phase are they in?

A
  • Weight Acceptance: Stance
  • Single Limb Support: Stance
  • Swing Limb Advancement: Swing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the 1st and most challenging task in the gait cycle and why?

A

Weight acceptance. It is the most difficult, because it has 3 requirements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the requirements of weight acceptance?

A
  • Preservation of forward progression
  • Initial limb stability
  • Shock absorption
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the challenge of weight acceptance?

A

The abrupt transfer of body weight unto a limb that has just finished swinging forward and has an unstable alignment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What accomplishments are needed for

Single Limb Support?

A

Stability and forward progression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What accomplishments are needed for

Swing Limb Advancement?

A

Foot clearance and limb advancement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the phases of the gait cycle, what period and functional task do they fall under?

A
  • Initial Contact: Stance: Weight acceptance
  • Loading Response: Stance: Weight acceptance
  • Mid Stance: Stance: Single Limb
    Support
  • Terminal Stance: Stance: Single Limb
    Support
  • Pre Swing: Swing: Swing Limb
    Advancement
  • Initial Swing: Swing: Swing Limb
    Advancement
  • Mid Swing: Swing: Swing Limb
    Advancement
  • Terminal Swing: Swing: Swing Limb
    Advancement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is initial contact?

A

Moment when the foot contacts the ground and the immediate reaction to the onset of body weight transfer. 0%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the critical events that occur during initial contact?

A
  • Heel first contact
  • Initiation of heel rocker
  • Impact Deceleration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is loading response?

A

Period of double limb support, where weight rapidly transferred onto
outstretched limb as foot contact transitions from the heel to flat on the floor. 0-12%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the critical events that occur during loading response?

A
  • Progression of heel rocker
  • Restrained ankle plantar flexion
  • Restrained knee flexion
  • Sustained hip flexion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is mid stance?

A

1st half of single limb support, where the body progresses over a single, stable limb with a stationary foot until the weight of the body is aligned over the forefoot of the reference limb. 12-31%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the critical events that occur during mid stance?

A
  • Ankle rocker
  • Restrained ankle dorsiflexion
  • Restrained knee extension
  • Frontal plane hip stabilization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is Terminal Stance (TSt)?

A

2nd half of single limb support, where the body moves ahead of limb and weight is transferred to forefoot and the heel of the stance limb begins to rise off the ground. 31-50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the critical events of Terminal Stance (TSt)?

A
  • Initiation of forefoot rocker
  • Controlled ankle dorsiflexion with heel rise
  • Trailing limb posture
  • Free forward fall of the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is Pre-Swing (PSw)?

A

Rapid unloading of limb occurs as weight is transferred to contralateral limb. Begins with initial contact of the contralateral limb and progresses until toe off of the reference limb. 2nd period of double limb support. 50-62%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the critical events of Pre-Swing (PSw)?

A
  • Adequate knee flexion

* Adequate ankle plantar flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is Initial Swing (ISw)?

A

Thigh begins to advance as the foot comes up off the floor and ends when the reference foot opposite of the stance foot. 62-75%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the critical events of Initial Swing (ISw)?

A
  • Adequate knee flexion

* Adequate hip flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is Mid-Swing (MSw)?

A

Thigh continues to advance as the knee begins to extend and the foot clears the ground. Concludes when the tibia of the swinging limb aligns vertically. 75-87%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the critical events of Mid-Swing (MSw)?

A
  • Adequate hip flexion

* Adequate ankle dorsiflexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is Terminal Swing (TSw)?

A

Knee extends as the limb prepares for contact with the ground. 87-100%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are the critical events of Terminal Swing (TSw)?

A
  • Deceleration and inhibition of hip flexion
  • Deceleration at the knee
  • Adequate knee extension
  • Adequate ankle dorsiflexion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What happens in the other limb while the reference limb is going through Initial contact and loading response?

A

Pre-Swing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What happens in the other limb while the reference limb is going through Mid-Stance?

A
  • Initial swing

- 1st half of Mid- swing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What happens in the other limb while the reference limb is going through terminal-Stance?

A
  • 2nd half of mid swing

- Terminal Swing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What happens in the other limb while the reference limb is going through Pre-Swing?

A
  • Initial Contact

- Loading Response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What happens in the other limb while the reference limb is going through Initial Swing and 1st half of mid- swing?

A

Mid stance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What happens in the other limb while the reference limb is going through the 2nd half of mid- swing and terminal swing?

A

Terminal stance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What biomechanical factors should we

consider during gait?

A
  • Range of Motion
  • Torque Demands
  • Muscle Activity
  • Functional Significance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Which are the kinematic variables of the biomechanical factors we should consider during gait?

A

Range of Motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Which are the kinetic variables of the biomechanical factors we should consider during gait?

A
  • Torque Demands

- Muscle Actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What creates the torque demands at the

joints during gait?

A
  • External torque
  • Gravitational torque
  • Intersegmental torque
  • Muscle torque
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What creates the external torque?

A

Vertical ground reaction force vector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What are kinematics?

A

A set of concepts that allows us to describe the motion of the body and or its segments, without regard to the forces causing the movement described

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What are kinetics?

A

A set of concepts that deals with forces that produce, stop and modify motions of either the body as a whole or the individual body segments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is the 1st peak in vertical ground reaction force equal to in the gait cycle?

A

Weight acceptance, when the body’s downward velocity is being slowed. (Loading response)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is the 2nd peak in vertical ground reaction force equal to in the gait cycle?

A

Push off, which shows that the body’s CoM is being accelerated upward to increase its upward velocity. (Terminal stance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Where is the vertical ground reaction force vector found?

A

Just anterior to the knee joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

How do anteroposterior ground reaction

forces vary during the 1st half of the stance phase of gait?

A

The ground reaction force is directed posteriorly against the foot that is initially contacting the ground and prevents the foot from moving forward. Mx magnitude is 20% of boy weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

When is the anteroposterior ground reaction

forces neutral during the stance phase of gait?

A

Mid stance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

How do anteroposterior ground reaction

forces vary during the 2nd half of the stance phase of gait?

A

The vector is directed anteriorly against the foot, enabling the person to push off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What is the center of pressure?

A

The single point on the foot which the resultant surface pressure may be considered to the acting. The starting point for the ground reaction force vector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What is the progression of center of pressure during barefoot walking?

A

Starts at the posterolateral edge of the heel at the beginning of the stance phase. Moves in a linear and medial manner through the mid foot area all the way to the 1st and 2nd toes during light stance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What creates the intersegmental torque?

A

A result from the angular accelerations and angular velocities of other segments of the system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What creates the muscle torque?

A

The combined action of all MSK elements acting on the joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What muscle torques combine in successful gait?

A

Hip and knees(net extensor torque) at the beginning and progresses to ankle plantar flexors(net flexor torque)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What are the induced torques?

A
  • External
  • Gravitational
  • Intersegmental
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What are the reactionary torques?

A

• Muscle torque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

How are torques balanced for success in gait?

A

Induced and reactionary torques must be balanced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

During Initial Contact, what is happening

at the ankle joint in regards to ROM?

A

Neutral position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

During Initial Contact, what is happening
at the ankle joint in regards to Torque
Demand?

A

Plantar flexion torque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

During Initial Contact, what is happening
at the ankle joint in regards to muscle
action?

A

Isometric contraction of pre-tibial muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

During Initial Contact, what is happening
at the ankle joint in regards to functional
significance?

A

Foot correctly positioned for heel rocker action in LR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

During Initial Contact, what is happening

at the knee joint in regards to ROM?

A

Positioned in neutral to 5 degrees flexed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

During Initial Contact, what is happening
at the knee joint in regards to Torque
Demand?

A

Brief extension torque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

During Initial Contact, what is happening
at the knee joint in regards to muscle
action?

A
  • Quadriceps prep for next phase

* Hamstrings counter extension torque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

During Initial Contact, what is happening
at the knee joint in regards to functional
significance?

A

Extension torque stabilizes the knee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

During Initial Contact, what is happening

at the hip joint in regards to ROM?

A

• Flexed 20 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

During Initial Contact, what is happening
at the hip joint in regards to Torque
Demand?

A

Rapid, high intensity flexion torque begins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

During Initial Contact, what is happening
at the hip joint in regards to muscle
action?

A
  • All hip extensors active

* Semimembranosis and bicep femoris long head activity wanes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

During Initial Contact, what is happening
at the hip joint in regards to functional
significance?

A

Hip in position of forward reach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

During Initial Contact, what is happening

with the pelvis?

A

In 5 degrees of forward rotation in the horizontal plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

During Loading Response, what is

happening at the ankle joint in regards to ROM?

A

5 degrees of rapid plantar flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

During Loading Response, what is

happening at the ankle joint in regards to torque demand?

A

Plantar flexion torque forces foot

to floor then diminishes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

During Loading Response, what is

happening at the ankle joint in regards to muscle action?

A
  • Pretibials contract eccentrically

* Soleus and gastrocnemius act to control tibial advancement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

During Loading Response, what is

happening at the ankle joint in regards to functional significance?

A
  • Heel rocker action created
  • Momentum carried forward
  • Knee flexion initiated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

What does the heel rocker action

provide?

A

Facilitates forward progression

of the entire stance limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

During Loading Response, what is

happening at the subtalar joint in regards to ROM?

A
  • Calcaneus everts 5 degrees

* Subtalar joint pronates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

During Loading Response, what is

happening at the subtalar joint in regards to torque demand?

A

Eversion torque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

During Loading Response, what is

happening at the subtalar joint in regards to muscle action?

A

Both anterior and posterior tibialis muscles contract eccentrically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

During Loading Response, what is

happening at the subtalar joint in regards to functional significance?

A

• Assists shock absorption
• Induces IR of tibia which reduces
rotatory stress on ankle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

During Loading Response, what is

happening at the knee joint in regards to ROM?

A

Moves to 15 degrees of flexion

98
Q

During Loading Response, what is

happening at the knee joint in regards to torque demand?

A

Rapid, moderate intensity flexion torque

99
Q

During Loading Response, what is

happening at the knee joint in regards to muscle action?

A
  • Eccentric quadriceps activity

* Diminishing hamstring activity

100
Q

During Loading Response, what is

happening at the knee joint in regards to functional significance?

A
  • Shock absorbed

* Limb stability maintained

101
Q

During Loading Response, what is

happening at the hip joint in regards to ROM?

A

Remains in 20 degrees of flexion

102
Q

During Loading Response, what is

happening at the hip joint in regards to torque demand?

A
  • Rapid, high intensity flexion torque present

* Adduction torque begins

103
Q

During Loading Response, what is

happening at the hip joint in regards to muscle action?

A

Hip extensors and abductors active

104
Q

During Loading Response, what is

happening at the hip joint in regards to functional significance?

A

Hip joint, pelvis, and trunk stabilized in sagittal and frontal planes

105
Q

During Loading Response, what is

happening with the pelvis?

A

Remains in 5 degrees of forward rotation in

the horizontal plane

106
Q

What are the pre- tibial muscles?

A

Anterior tibialis, Extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus

107
Q

During Mid-Stance, what is happening at

the ankle joint in regards to ROM?

A

Moves into 5 degrees of dorsiflexion

108
Q

During Mid-Stance, what is happening at

the ankle joint in regards to torque demand?

A

Markedly increasing dorsiflexion torque

109
Q

During Mid-Stance, what is happening at

the ankle joint in regards to muscle action?

A

Soleus and gastrocnemius contract eccentrically to control forward progression of tibia

110
Q

During Mid-Stance, what is happening at

the ankle joint in regards to functional significance?

A
  • Calf muscles stabilize knee
  • Ankle rocker action created
  • Body progresses forward
111
Q

What does the ankle rocker action provide?

A

Ankle becomes fulcrum for continued progression of limb over stationary foot

112
Q

During Mid-Stance, what is happening at

the subtalar joint in regards to ROM?

A

Eversion position remains relatively unchanged from end of Loading Response

113
Q

During Mid-Stance, what is happening at

the subtalar joint in regards to torque demand?

A

Eversion torque diminishes

114
Q

During Mid-Stance, what is happening at

the subtalar joint in regards to muscle action?

A

Posterior tibialis, soleus, and peroneals all eccentrically active

115
Q

During Mid-Stance, what is happening at
the subtalar joint in regards to functional
significance?

A

Control of eversion

116
Q

During Mid-Stance, what is happening at

the knee joint in regards to ROM?

A

Extends to 5 degrees flexed

117
Q

During Mid-Stance, what is happening at

the knee joint in regards to torque demand?

A

Extension torque

118
Q

During Mid-Stance, what is happening at

the knee joint in regards to muscle action?

A
  • Quadriceps stabilize knee until knee extension torque begins
  • Calf muscles restrain tibia
119
Q

During Mid-Stance, what is happening at
the knee joint in regards to functional
significance?

A

Knee stability maintained by knee extension torque and calf muscle activity

120
Q

During Mid-Stance, what is happening at

the hip joint in regards to ROM?

A

Extension to neutral

121
Q

During Mid-Stance, what is happening at

the hip joint in regards to torque demand?

A
  • Change from flexion to extension torque

* Adduction torque continues

122
Q

During Mid-Stance, what is happening at

the hip joint in regards to muscle action?

A
  • No hip muscle activity in sagittal plane

* Hip abductors active

123
Q

During Mid-Stance, what is happening at
the hip joint in regards to functional
significance?

A
  • Stable hip joint position achieved in sagittal plane

* Pelvis stabilized in frontal plane

124
Q

During Mid-Stance, what is happening with the pelvis?

A

Rotates backward in horizontal

plane to neutral

125
Q

During Terminal Stance, what is happening at the ankle joint in regards to ROM?

A

Moves into 10 degrees of dorsiflexion

126
Q

During Terminal Stance, what is happening at the ankle joint in regards to torque demand?

A

Dorsiflexion torque peaks

127
Q

During Terminal Stance, what is happening at the ankle joint in regards to muscle action?

A

Calf muscle activity peaks

128
Q

During Terminal Stance, what is happening at the ankle joint in regards to functional significance?

A
  • Maximal forward progression of the tibia

* Heel allowed to rise

129
Q

During Terminal Stance, what is

happening at the subtalar joint in regards to ROM?

A

Progressive reduction of eversion to approximately 2 degrees of eversion

130
Q

During Terminal Stance, what is

happening at the subtalar joint in regards to torque demand?

A

Inversion torque created as heel rises

131
Q

During Terminal Stance, what is

happening at the subtalar joint in regards to muscle action?

A
  • Posterior tibialis and soleus contract concentrically

* Peroneals isometrically active

132
Q

During Terminal Stance, what is

happening at the subtalar joint in regards to functional significance?

A

Reduction in eversion increases stability of midtarsal joint

133
Q

During Terminal Stance, what is happening at the MTP joints in regards to ROM?

A

Move into 30 degrees of extension

134
Q

During Terminal Stance, what is happening at the MTP joints in regards to torque demand?

A

Extension torque created

135
Q

During Terminal Stance, what is happening at the MTP joints in regards to muscle action?

A
  • Calf muscle activity peaks

* Posterior tibialis and soleus contract concentrically

136
Q

During Terminal Stance, what is happening at the MTP joints in regards to functional significance?

A
  • Forefoot rocker action created

* Contributes to contralateral step length

137
Q

What does the forefoot rocker action provide?

A

Metatarsal heads serve to facilitate continued forward progression of tibia

138
Q

During Terminal Stance, what is happening at the knee joint in regards to ROM?

A

Unchanged from Mid-Stance in 5 degrees of flexion

139
Q

During Terminal Stance, what is happening at the knee joint in regards to torque demand?

A

Extension torque peaks and then diminishes

140
Q

During Terminal Stance, what is happening at the knee joint in regards to muscle action?

A
  • Calf muscles continue to stabilize knee by restraining tibia
  • Biceps femoris may be active
141
Q

During Terminal Stance, what is happening at the knee joint in regards to functional significance?

A
  • Joint stability maintained

* Biceps femoris may act to prevent hyperextension

142
Q

During Terminal Stance, what is

happening at the hip joint in regards to ROM?

A

Thigh moves to trailing position of 20 degrees of extension

143
Q

During Terminal Stance, what is

happening at the hip joint in regards to torque demand?

A
  • Hip extension torque

* Adduction torque rapidly diminishes

144
Q

During Terminal Stance, what is

happening at the hip joint in regards to muscle action?

A
  • Posterior fibers of TFL cease

* Anterior fibers of TFL may become active

145
Q

During Terminal Stance, what is

happening at the hip joint in regards to functional significance?

A

Body allowed to advance past foot to maximize step length while limb remains stable

146
Q

During Terminal Stance, what is happening with the pelvis?

A

Anterior tilt and 5 degrees backward rotation in horizontal plane

147
Q

During Pre-Swing, what is happening at

the ankle joint in regards to ROM?

A

Moves into 15 degrees of plantar flexion

148
Q

During Pre-Swing, what is happening at

the ankle joint in regards to torque demand?

A

Dorsiflexion torque rapidly decreases

149
Q

During Pre-Swing, what is happening at

the ankle joint in regards to muscle action?

A
  • Calf muscle activity ceases

* Pretibial muscle activity initiated

150
Q

During Pre-Swing, what is happening at

the ankle joint in regards to functional significance?

A
  • Forefoot on floor assists balance

* Plantar flexion assists knee flexion and limb advancement

151
Q

During Pre-Swing, what is happening at

the subtalar joint in regards to ROM?

A

Achieves neutral position

152
Q

During Pre-Swing, what is happening at

the subtalar joint in regards to torque demand?

A

Inversion torque diminishes to zero

153
Q

During Pre-Swing, what is happening at

the subtalar joint in regards to muscle action?

A

Anterior tibialis begins to contract

154
Q

During Pre-Swing, what is happening at

the subtalar joint in regards to functional significance?

A

Preparation for foot clearing the ground during swing

155
Q

During Pre-Swing, what is happening at

the MTP joints in regards to ROM?

A

Move into 60 degrees of extension

156
Q

During Pre-Swing, what is happening at

the MTP joints in regards to torque demand?

A

Extension torque rapidly decreases

157
Q

During Pre-Swing, what is happening at

the MTP joints in regards to muscle action?

A

Calf muscle activity ceases

158
Q

During Pre-Swing, what is happening at

the MTP joints in regards to functional significance?

A

Forefoot on floor assists balance

159
Q

During Pre-Swing, what is happening at

the knee joint in regards to ROM?

A

Rapidly flexes to 40 degrees

160
Q

During Pre-Swing, what is happening at

the knee joint in regards to torque demand?

A

Flexion torque demand

161
Q

During Pre-Swing, what is happening at

the knee joint in regards to muscle action?

A
  • Minimal knee flexor activity from gracilis

* Rectus femoris may be active

162
Q

During Pre-Swing, what is happening at

the knee joint in regards to functional significance?

A
  • Contributes to knee flexion

* Rectus femoris may restrain speed of knee flexion

163
Q

During Pre-Swing, what is happening at

the hip joint in regards to ROM?

A

Thigh flexes forward by falling to position of 10 degrees of extension

164
Q

During Pre-Swing, what is happening at

the hip joint in regards to torque demand?

A

Hip extension torque diminishes

165
Q

During Pre-Swing, what is happening at

the hip joint in regards to muscle action?

A
  • Adductor longus contracts concentrically

* Rectus femoris may be active

166
Q

During Pre-Swing, what is happening at

the hip joint in regards to functional significance?

A
  • Limb advancement begins

* Hip flexion motion contributes to knee flexion

167
Q

During Pre-Swing, what is happening

with the pelvis?

A

Remains in 5 degrees of backward rotation in horizontal plane

168
Q

During Initial Swing, what is happening

at the ankle joint in regards to ROM?

A

Moves into 5 degrees of plantar flexion

169
Q

During Initial Swing, what is happening

at the ankle joint in regards to torque demand?

A

Very low level plantar flexion torque

170
Q

During Initial Swing, what is happening

at the ankle joint in regards to muscle action?

A

Pretibial muscles contract concentrically to initiate dorsiflexion

171
Q

During Initial Swing, what is happening

at the ankle joint in regards to functional significance?

A

Dorsiflexion needed to clear foot in next phase begins

172
Q

During Initial Swing, what is happening

at the subtalar joint in regards to ROM?

A

Maintains neutral position

173
Q

During Initial Swing, what is happening

at the subtalar joint in regards to torque demand?

A

None to very slight inversion torque

174
Q

During Initial Swing, what is happening

at the subtalar joint in regards to muscle action?

A

Anterior tibialis stabilizes medially

175
Q

During Initial Swing, what is happening

at the subtalar joint in regards to functional significance?

A

Foot positioned to clear the ground

176
Q

During Initial Swing, what is happening

at the MTP joints in regards to ROM?

A

Flexion to neutral position and maintained there throughout swing

177
Q

During Initial Swing, what is happening

at the MTP joints in regards to torque demand?

A

Flexion torque which quickly decreased

178
Q

During Initial Swing, what is happening

at the MTP joints in regards to muscle action?

A

EHL and EDL peak in activity

179
Q

During Initial Swing, what is happening

at the MTP joints in regards to functional significance?

A

Toes stabilized allowing EHL and EDL to facilitated dorsiflexion at ankle

180
Q

During Initial Swing, what is happening

at the knee joint in regards to ROM?

A

Further rapid flexion to 60 degrees

181
Q

During Initial Swing, what is happening

at the knee joint in regards to torque demand?

A

Knee flexion torque

182
Q

During Initial Swing, what is happening

at the knee joint in regards to muscle action?

A

Peak in activity of biceps femoris short head, sartorius, and gracilis

183
Q

During Initial Swing, what is happening

at the knee joint in regards to functional significance?

A

Foot clears floor as thigh begins to advance

184
Q

During Initial Swing, what is happening

at the hip joint in regards to ROM?

A

Moves to position of 15 degrees of flexion

185
Q

During Initial Swing, what is happening

at the hip joint in regards to torque demand?

A

Hip extension torque initial which approaches zero by end of phase

186
Q

During Initial Swing, what is happening

at the hip joint in regards to muscle action?

A

Iliacus, gracilis, sartorius, and adductor longus active

187
Q

During Initial Swing, what is happening

at the hip joint in regards to functional significance?

A

Limb advancement continues

188
Q

During Initial Swing, what is happening

with the pelvis?

A

Remains in 5 degrees of backward rotation in horizontal plane

189
Q

During Mid-Swing, what is happening at

the ankle joint in regards to ROM?

A

Dorsiflexion to neutral

190
Q

During Mid-Swing, what is happening at

the ankle joint in regards to torque demand?

A

Very low level of plantar flexion torque

191
Q

During Mid-Swing, what is happening at

the ankle joint in regards to muscle action?

A

Pretibial muscles contract concentrically

192
Q

During Mid-Swing, what is happening at

the ankle joint in regards to functional significance?

A

Foot clears the ground by 1 centimeter

193
Q

During Mid-Swing, what is happening at

the subtalar joint in regards to ROM?

A

Maintains neutral position

194
Q

During Mid-Swing, what is happening at

the subtalar joint in regards to torque demand?

A

None to very slight inversion torque

195
Q

During Mid-Swing, what is happening at

the subtalar joint in regards to muscle action?

A

Anterior tibialis stabilizes medially

196
Q

During Mid-Swing, what is happening at

the subtalar joint in regards to functional significance?

A

Foot positioned to clear the ground

197
Q

During Mid-Swing, what is happening at

the knee joint in regards to ROM?

A

Rapidly extends to 25 degrees of flexion

198
Q

During Mid-Swing, what is happening at

the knee joint in regards to torque demand?

A

Transition to knee extension torque late in phase

199
Q

During Mid-Swing, what is happening at

the knee joint in regards to muscle action?

A
  • Short head of biceps femoris may control rate of extension

* Hamstrings active late in phase

200
Q

During Mid-Swing, what is happening at

the knee joint in regards to functional significance?

A

Extension necessary for step length begins in this phase

201
Q

During Mid-Swing, what is happening at

the hip joint in regards to ROM?

A

Moves to position of 25 degrees of flexion

202
Q

During Mid-Swing, what is happening at

the hip joint in regards to torque demand?

A

Gradually increasing hip flexion torque

203
Q

During Mid-Swing, what is happening at

the hip joint in regards to muscle action?

A

Hamstrings become active late in phase

204
Q

During Mid-Swing, what is happening at

the hip joint in regards to functional significance?

A
  • Thigh advancement slows

* Momentum of swing limb helps carry body past stance limb

205
Q

During Mid-Swing, what is happening with the pelvis?

A

Rotates forward in horizontal plane to neutral

206
Q

During Terminal Swing, what is

happening at the ankle joint in regards to ROM?

A

Remains in neutral

207
Q

During Terminal Swing, what is

happening at the ankle joint in regards to torque demand?

A

Plantar flexion torque diminishes to zero

208
Q

During Terminal Swing, what is

happening at the ankle joint in regards to muscle action?

A

Pretibial muscles contract isometrically

209
Q

During Terminal Swing, what is

happening at the ankle joint in regards to functional significance?

A

Neutral position assures heel contact for Initial Contact

210
Q

During Terminal Swing, what is

happening at the subtalar joint in regards to ROM?

A

Maintains neutral position

211
Q

During Terminal Swing, what is

happening at the subtalar joint in regards to torque demand?

A

None to very slight inversion torque

212
Q

During Terminal Swing, what is

happening at the subtalar joint in regards to muscle action?

A

Anterior tibialis stabilizes medially

213
Q

During Terminal Swing, what is

happening at the subtalar joint in regards to functional significance?

A

Foot positioned for heel contact

214
Q

During Terminal Swing, what is

happening at the knee joint in regards to ROM?

A

Extends to neutral, but then may move into 5 degrees of flexion

215
Q

During Terminal Swing, what is

happening at the knee joint in regards to torque demand?

A

Extension torque

216
Q

During Terminal Swing, what is

happening at the knee joint in regards to muscle action?

A
  • Quadriceps active concentrically

* Hamstrings peak in activity

217
Q

During Terminal Swing, what is

happening at the knee joint in regards to functional significance?

A

Step length optimized by leg reaching out

218
Q

During Terminal Swing, what is

happening at the hip joint in regards to ROM?

A

Falls slightly to position of 20 degrees of flexion

219
Q

During Terminal Swing, what is

happening at the hip joint in regards to torque demand?

A

Hip flexion torque diminishes at end of phase

220
Q

During Terminal Swing, what is

happening at the hip joint in regards to muscle action?

A

Hamstrings, adductor magnus, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius and TFL active

221
Q

During Terminal Swing, what is

happening at the hip joint in regards to functional significance?

A

Limb positioned for heel first initial contact

222
Q

During Terminal Swing, what is happening with the pelvis?

A

Rotates forward 5 degrees in the horizontal

plane

223
Q

What happens through the trunk during

the gait cycle?

A

• Trunk rotation occurs opposite to direction of rotation of pelvis
• Arm swing follows pattern such that opposite upper and lower extremities
swing forward concurrently during gait

224
Q

What happens during the initiation of

gait?

A

• Normally, no changes in pattern of events with either right or left lower extremity
• Trend for smaller displacements and lover
velocities with age
• Starts with bilateral inhibition of plantar flexors (gastroc-soleus) and activation of dorsiflexors(ant tib)
• Center of pressure shifts posteriorly and briefly toward swing foot, then toward stance
foot heel, stance foot forefoot and, ultimately, medial forefoot of stance foot

225
Q

What happens during the termination of

gait?

A
  • Sequence of events that occurs when normal gait begins to change in progression toward stopping
  • Push-off reduced in stance limb
  • Swing limb provides braking forces at initial contact
226
Q

How does treadmill walking differ from

walking across the ground?

A

• Higher cadence and shorter stance times with treadmill walking at comparable speeds
• Push-off forces and maximal ground reaction forces generally lower with treadmill
walking
• Unclear whether metabolic costs are different

227
Q

How does muscle function differ in

running as compared to walking?

A 
• Little difference in sequence of muscle
activation patterns during walking and
running
• Magnitude of muscle contraction forces
greater in running
228
Q

What is the functional limb varus angle?

A

Angle between the bisection of the lower leg and the ground

229
Q

What is the difference between the functional limb varus in walking vs. running?

A

Increases during running as compared to walking

230
Q

What is responsible for the difference in functional limb varus during walking vs. runnning?

A

Associated with increased demands during running in vertical, anteroposterior and
mediolateral directions

231
Q

Why is greater balance required for running?

A

The lack of double- limb support

232
Q

What is the typical BoS in walking?

A

2.5

233
Q

What are the phases in the stance period of stair gait?

A
  • Weight acceptance
  • Pull up
  • Forward continuous
234
Q

What are the phases in the swing period of stair gait?

A
  • Foot clearance

- Foot placement

235
Q

Where on the foot is initial contact during stair gait?

A

On the forefoot

236
Q

What are the muscles whose concentric contraction is primarily responsible for stair ascent?

A

Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, soleus, and medial gastroc

237
Q

What are the muscles whose eccentric contraction is primarily responsible for stair descent?

A

The same muscles that involve energy absorption

238
Q

When does the maximum peak internal abductor moment at the hip occur?

A

When descending stairs

239
Q

What are essential for successful achievement of single limb support?

A

Stability and forward progression

240
Q

What is external torque?

A

Torque that peaks during weight acceptance when body’s downward velocity is being slowed

241
Q

What is gravitational torque?

A

Results from the force of gravity acting upon the center of mass of a body segment

Advanced movement analysis (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions