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MSK > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Basically outline three of the six major functions of bone

A

Support/protection/metaboli release of calcium and phosphate in particular)/storage (of calcium, phosphate, fat proteins etc)/movement (at the joints)/haemopoiesis

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2
Q

Name three functions of skeletal muscle

A

locomotion/posture/metabolism/venous return/heat production/continence

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3
Q

What is fascia?

A

Sheets of connective tissue which separate body parts and muscles into anatomical compartments

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4
Q

What are the functions of:

a) tendons
b) ligaments

A

a) muscle to bone

b) bone to bone

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5
Q

The two major components of bone which give it is mechanical strength are collagen and calcium phosphate. Which confers tensile strength and which confers compressive strength?

A

Tensile strength - collagen

Compressive strength - calcium phosphate

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6
Q

Osteoblasts synthesise and deposit osteoid (contains collagen) which is the bone matrix, the osteoblasts then deposit calcium phosphate in the osteoid to make bone. Osteoclasts on the other hand are involved in bone resorption, what is meant by this?

A

Osteoclasts absorb the deposited minerals in the bone and release them into the EC fluid which then enters the blood. This in turn causes the breakdown of bone and thus it’s reorganisation

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7
Q

What is the name of an osteoblast that becomes trapped in it’s bone matrix (osteon)?

A

Osteocyte

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8
Q

Note - it says in here to look back over body log session 7 about haversian canals and this stuff in more detail

A

T

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9
Q

how many vertebrae are there?

A

33

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10
Q

Give an example of each type of bone

A

Long = humerus
Flat - sternum/skull occipital bone (other skull bone too) Short = carpal bones
Sesamoid = theres are embedded in tendons example is the patella
Irregular = vertebrae

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11
Q

Distinguish between the metaphysis and epiphysis

A 
Diaphysis = long bone shaft 
Metaphysis = ends the flare out toward the growth plate 
Epiphysis = other side of the growth plate
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12
Q

What is an epicondyle as opposed to a condyle?

A

Epicondyle are smaller projections that project above the knuckle shaped condyles

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13
Q

Describe anatomically what a ‘tubercule’ and ‘tuberosity’ looks like

A

tubercule - small, knob-like rounded process

tuberosity - large, often rounded, roughened proess

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14
Q

What is meant by ‘avascular necrosis’?

A

Death of a bone due to loss of it’s blood supply

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15
Q

Describe the typical blood supply of a long bone

A
  • During development the nutrient artery penetrates the diaphysis and continues to supply the bone marrow
  • There are periosteal arteries which supply the periosteum (outside of bone)
  • Importantly in development we have separate metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries which supply the majority of the cortex, but during adulthood these fuse meaning that severance of these arteries can easily lead to avascular necrosis
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16
Q

Describe two common causes of avascaular necrosis

A

Fracture/alcoholism/steroid use/radiation/hypertension/decompression sickness

17
Q

Briefly describe the three major classes of joints and five an example of each

A

Cartilaginous - found in midline and at growth plates of long bones e/g/ pubic symphysis

Fibrous - united by collagen fibres, poor mobility and high stability e.g. sutures of the skull

Synovial joints - Has a joint cavity containing synovial fluid, lined with hyaline cartilage and thus a high degree of mobility

18
Q

Briefly explain and give an example of the types of joint in the body

A

Plane - flat surfaces sliding against each other - metacarpal joints

Condyloid - atlanto-occipital joint

Saddle joint - 1st carpometacarpal joint
(has a degree of sliding)

Hinge - no sliding or deviation - knee joint

Pivot - rotational movement - atlanto-occipital joint too/between radius and ulnar

Ball and socket - permit movement in several directions - shoulder

19
Q

Synovial membranes are very vascular but also contain bursae and tendon sheaths. What are these?

A

Bursa - small sac lined by synovial membrane containing synovial fluid. Helps to reduce friction between bones and allow free movement

Tendon sheaths - the same but they wrap around a tendon and aid movement here, basically elongated bursae

20
Q

LO - describe the factors that affect the range of motion of joints

A

Arrangement of muscle around the joints/strengh of ligaments/shape of articulating bones/hormones (E.g. relaxation of pelivc joints at labour)/disuse of joint

21
Q

LO - Briefly describe the embryological development of a synovial joint

A

Areas of mesenchyme will differentiate into hyaline cartilage as bone develops, the joints form between areas of cartilage by the cells apoptosing

22
Q

in terms of muscular anatomy, what is meant by an ‘agonist’?

A

An agonist is the prime muscle responsible for a particular movement. An antagonist is the muscle which directly opposes that action

23
Q

LO - In anatomy what is meant by

a) synergists
b) neutralisers
c) fixators

A

a) Muscles which assist the prime mover (Agonist)
b) Neutralisers prevent the unwanted other actions that the agonist can perform
c) Act to hold a body part immobile whilst another body part is moving

24
Q

Distinguish between concentric, eccentric and isocentric contractions

A

concentric - muscle shortens
eccentric - muscle lengthens
isocentric - muscle remains same length

25
Q

Distinguish between parallel, pennate and circular muscles

A

parallel - fibres run parallel to the force generating axis
pennate - has an apoenurosis from which the fibres extend
circular - muscle fibres run in a circular direction

26
Q

define tendon, ligament and aponeuroses

A

tendon - muscle to bone
ligament - bone to bone
aponeuroses - muscle to muscle

27
Q

LO - What is Hilton’s law?

A

The nerves supplying the joint capsule also supply the muscles moving the joint and the skin overlying these muscles

28
Q

Briefly describe the prenatal limb development

A

Limb buds grow as proliferations of mesenchyme in the foruth week and project laterally outwards. The upper limbs then rotate through 90 degrees laterally and the lower limbs medially

This explains the flexor/extensor differences in the compartments and also the dermatome map

29
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?

A

An incomplete fracture where the bone bends and fractures on one side, these are more common in kkids under 10 as they ahve softer bones

30
Q

What genes are responsible for segmentation of the body plan in utero?

A

Hox genes

31
Q

Briefly describe fracture healing

A

1) haematoma formation
2) Tissue death and inflammation
3) formation of a procallus (woven bone) and angiogenesis
4) Hard callus formation (lamellar bone)
5) remodelling of lamellar to cortical bone

32
Q

LO - describe some major changes we can see on X-ray to see what stage fracture healing is at

A

Early on in the inflammatory phase we will just clearly see the fracture line in the bone, soft tissue is forming here and can’t be seen on x-ray

in the next phase (regenerative) we will be abloe to see some mineralisation which will have a ‘fluffy’ appearance which is the soft callus

In the remodeling phase the fracture line will become obscured as it’s replaced by cortical bone

33
Q

MRI imaging can be ‘weighted’ differnently depending on what we want to see. Explain the difference between a T1, T2 and STIR weighted MRI image

A

T1 - fat is bright and fluid is dark
T2 - Both fat and fluid are bright
STIR - Fat is dark and fluid is bright

34
Q

Describe briefly how to differentiate between a vein, artery and nerve in dissection

A

Vein - distended, thin walls, often contain clotted blood, tubular, look like ‘beads on a string’ due to clotted blood
Arteries - thick walls, tubular
nerves - solid rather than tubular

35
Q

How are tuberosities formed as opposed to grooves in bone?

A

Tuberosities - by tension forces resulting from bone attachments to muscle
Grooves - pressure from adjacent structures like blood vessels and nervs

36
Q

What is a joint?

A

An articulation between two or more neighbouring bones

37
Q

List the three main components of all synovial joints

A

Articular surface covered by hyaline cartilage/joint cavity filled with synovial fluid/fibrous joint capsule

MSK (11 decks)

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